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Animation Basics
Animation's Creative World and Style

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GCC Academy

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Hello

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In this lecture, we will learn about

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the creative world and style of animation

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We will explore the development history of animation

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in the United States and Japan

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the major studios

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and the trends in animation from both countries

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to investigate the diverse

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creative worlds of animation

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First, we will discuss the originality

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and unique value of animation

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First, animation is constantly asked the question of why

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it should be animation, why do we make it

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First of all, the freedom of expression and imagination

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can be considered the biggest characteristics

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While live action films are subject to

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physical constraints and various limitations

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animation is the creation of entirely fabricated images

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It is free from these restrictions

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The advantage is that it allows for the expression of

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infinite imagination and the ability to make

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the impossible or non-existent possible

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Additionally, since the production process is created

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frame by frame

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it is possible to intentionally arrange

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every element and have complete control over them

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which is another distinctive feature

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For example, in Spirited Away

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we can see the unique world and characters

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that are difficult to express in live action

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Secondly, there is the aspect of 
stylization and aesthetics

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If we fully utilize the limitless creative freedom

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mentioned earlier

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it becomes possible to enhance 
the message through stylization

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in aspects such as characters, backgrounds, and colors

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And it becomes possible to 
visualize emotions and inner thoughts

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It allows for the concrete expression of abstract emotions

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or the visual composition of internal monologues

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Through this, it becomes possible to freely express

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and utilize symbols and metaphors

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And then there is the aesthetics 
of exaggeration and omission

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Through selective emphasis or omission of reality

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it is possible to maximize 
the expression of a character’s emotions

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and highlight essential elements, 
extracting them more effectively

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And we can also mention the diversity of styles

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Realistic expression is possible, 
as well as abstract expression

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and by reflecting cultural characteristics

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the individuality of the creator 
can be captured and maximized

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For example, through color design

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it is possible to maximize emotions or the atmosphere

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A representative example of this

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would be works like, Your Name

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There is also a slight difference in the way characters

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and emotions are conveyed

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Animation characters can convey 
emotions directly and intensely

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through exaggerated expressions and actions

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This technique is commonly known as squash and stretch

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In live-action, emotions are conveyed

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through the actor's performance

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but in animation, it is possible to visually systematize this

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allowing for exaggeration and omission

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And it can be considered a true form of comprehensive art

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Animation is a unique medium created through

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the balanced collaboration of various creative teams

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including animation, direction, music, and editing

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While in live action, the interaction between actors

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and real environments holds the most weight

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animation can be considered an art form that incorporates

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a wide range of elements, 
such as music, drawing, and images

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all created by us in a comprehensive manner

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The unique value of animation

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can first be described as the transcendent

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delivery of emotions and messages

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It is a medium that transcends realistic constraints

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and can convey philosophical and social messages

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For example, in The Lion King, 
we can see symbolic narratives

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or in Attack on Titan's social allegories

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These are some of the exemplary works

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Secondly, animation is a representative medium

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of cultural diversity and creativity

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In modern times, animation is a medium

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that aligns with society and the digital age

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serving as a communication tool 
that spans across generations

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Its universal nature transcends cultural boundaries

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often referred to as a stateless content, 
making it a globally accessible

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Since we have complete control over the creation of images

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it means that animation is not

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bound by specific constraints

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As various technologies advance

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the techniques and areas also expand

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By leveraging the digital nature of animation

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its compatibility with new digital platforms

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and its expressive possibilities can continue to expand

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I will briefly explain it again later

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I would say that it is highly advantageous

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for development into interactive content and similar forms

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It can also be considered

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entertainment for all age groups

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Live action media often targets specific age groups

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or the protagonist is typically a character

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who represents a certain target group

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However, in animation, 
it is possible to appeal to a wide audience

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 from children to adults, through virtual characters

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or anthropomorphized figures

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For example, Pixar's works are

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mostly targeted at family audiences

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We can see examples 
where even non-existent emotions are

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personified into characters

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The Chronology and Development of Japanese Animation

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Japan and the United States account for

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 about 80% of the global animation market

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and to put it more boldly

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they could be said to be dominating it

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They have been pioneers

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leading the history of animation to that extent

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First, let's take a look at the chronological development

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of Japanese animation studios by generation

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The first generation can be 
considered the early animation era

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spanning from the 1950s to the 1970s

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This period marks the dawn of the animation industry

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a time when production shifted from theatrical films

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to TV animation series

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and Japan established its unique and original style

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breaking free from the influence of American Disney

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The animation studios I’m mentioning here may be names

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that are somewhat unfamiliar to us

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However, when looking at their representative works

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many of them are quite familiar to us

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Among them, Toei Animation is an exception

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Representative works like Hakujaden

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or Sarutobi Sasuke have never been imported to Korea

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It's because those works convey 
strong Japanese culture and style

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However, studios like Tatsunoko Production

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Mushi Production, and Tokyo Movie are

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famous for anime that we are familiar with

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such as Speed Racer, originally Mahha GoGoGo

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Science Ninja Team

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Gatchaman

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Astro Boy, The Jungle Book

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and Lupin III and these studios produced many

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Japanese animation works

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that we have been importing since the 80s

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Especially for my generation, 
these are very familiar pieces of content

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The second generation, 
the period of animation's industrial expansion

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The 1980s to the early 1990s, 
and the characteristics of this period are

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This is the period when TV animation 
experienced explosive growth

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It is also the period 
when the genre of Original Video Animation

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developed, along with the explosive spread of video

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with TV series and OVA

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with the widespread availability of media

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it became possible to air animations 
through more accessible platforms

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This can be considered the period when animation

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was fully commercialized and became mainstream

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Additionally, along with this, 
animation developed into various genres

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Major studios of this period

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include the well known Studio Ghibli

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With representative works like My Neighbor Totoro

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and Spirited Away

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Another studio is Sunrise

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which you may not be familiar with by name

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but it is the studio that produced

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the very famous mecha anime Mobile Suit Gundam

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And Madhouse is a studio 
known for creating very unique tones

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and manners in its visual style

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and it's established during this period

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Its representative works include 
Perfect Blue, Cardcaptor Sakura

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and Mushashi Jubei

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It is also a studio that produced works

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that were very popular in Korea

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And AIC

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Representative works from here is Angel's Egg

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 and El Hazard

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This company can be considered to have utilized OVA

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a company as a leader of the OVA era

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In addition, there was Gainax

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the studio that produced the very well known anime series

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NEON GENESIS EVANGELION

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Also, J.C. STAFF

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is known for works like His and Her Circumstances

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and The Irregular at Magic High School

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a company which was established in 1986

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Additionally, Nippon Animation

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with well known works such as Dog of Flanders

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Anne of Green Gables

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Next, the third generation, globalization

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and the digital transition

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This period spans from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s

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The characteristics of this period include

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Digital animation technology was introduced

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And there was an increase in works 
targeted at the global market

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which also marked a period when the reach of

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Japanese animation expanded significantly

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Therefore, this can be seen
as a period when theatrical films

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TV series, and OVA all grew simultaneously

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One of the key studios

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 of this period is

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called, Bones

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In fact, Bones is a studio that is very familiar to

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many people in Korea who are fans of animation

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Its representative works include

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 Fullmetal Alchemist and Space Dandy

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They have consistently produced many works

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that are popular with

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the current MZ generation

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Additionally, Production I.G was also

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very active during this period

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Representative works include the globally known

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Ghost in the Shell

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and the sports anime Haikyuu!! which has gained

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immense popularity with the MZ generation

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is also produced by Production I.G

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Another studio with considerable recognition

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in Korea is Kyoto Animation, known for works like

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The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya

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or A Silent Voice

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And also CoMix Wave and XEBEC

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CoMix Wave is a studio

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that grew primarily by producing 
the works of Makoto Shinkai

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Additionally, an animation called 
Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha

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which achieved moderate success in Korea

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was produced by XEBEC

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and it was also active during this period

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The fourth generation refers to

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the modern animation era, which began after 2010

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The characteristics of this period include

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the growth of streaming services, globalization

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the activation of crowdfunding for independent studios

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and use of 3D animation technology

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A major studio during this period is MAPPA

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Representative works are 
Attack on Titan and Chainsaw Man

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which are still highly beloved today

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WIT Studio is the company that produced

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the previous seasons of Attack on Titan

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Science SARU is a studio known for producing

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highly original and experimental styles of animation

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Especially now, Science SARU 
is doing exceptionally well

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The work Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken!

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is currently being streamed on Netflix

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with excellent direction and animation quality

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Science SARU is a highly accomplished studio

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Another well-known studio is CloverWorks

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which gained recognition with the anime Spy x Family

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Based on the timeline

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if we briefly review the history of Japanese animation

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Osamu Tezuka, the creator of Astro Boy

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must be mentioned as a key figure

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In a way, before this period

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animation production was a highly expensive

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and the term limited animation was implemented

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during this period

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By utilizing highly limited

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animation effective

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Osamu Tezuka established 
an effective method of directing

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which allowed for a more cost effective production

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This became a significant business model that

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made it possible to produce TV series animation

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It was a period

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that laid the foundation

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for significant industrial development

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Through this

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by selling merchandise and toys 
linked to the animation

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a business model was established during this period

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This model allowed for 
building recognition through broadcasts

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and accumulating revenue through merchandising

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a framework that has continued

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to be used for anime IPs to this day

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and another point is

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the contributions of Toei Animation

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00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:40.320
For example, Heidi, Girl of the Alps

272
00:13:40.320 --> 00:13:44.080
which is widely known and loved in Korea

273
00:13:44.080 --> 00:13:47.679
The World Masterpiece Theater series 
began during this period

274
00:13:47.679 --> 00:13:50.440
Through these works, Miyazaki and Takahata

275
00:13:50.440 --> 00:13:54.400
became widely known

276
00:13:54.400 --> 00:13:56.320
for their collaboration

277
00:13:56.320 --> 00:14:01.220
Additionally, the content of these works often had

278
00:14:01.220 --> 00:14:05.080
Western fairy tales or settings as their backdrop

279
00:14:05.080 --> 00:14:09.000
which made them even more appealing 
and relatable to a global audience

280
00:14:09.000 --> 00:14:12.440
The production system was established 
with division of labor

281
00:14:12.440 --> 00:14:14.440
and quality control systems

282
00:14:14.440 --> 00:14:16.200
talent development systems

283
00:14:16.200 --> 00:14:19.000
were much more organized and systematized

284
00:14:19.000 --> 00:14:22.159
And one more thing

285
00:14:22.159 --> 00:14:24.640
would be the development and diversification of genres

286
00:14:24.640 --> 00:14:29.799
In this period, robot animation took a leap

287
00:14:29.799 --> 00:14:32.080
In the early days, series like Mazinger Z and Gundam

288
00:14:32.080 --> 00:14:36.840
and Gundam depicted stories 
through the combination of war and robots

289
00:14:36.840 --> 00:14:41.564
However, there was a shift with the emergence of

290
00:14:41.564 --> 00:14:44.359
 psychologically narrative-focused works such as Evangelion

291
00:14:44.359 --> 00:14:47.400
In modern times, works like 86 Eighty Six

292
00:14:47.400 --> 00:14:51.400
diving deeply into social aspects and social systems

293
00:14:51.400 --> 00:14:54.559
There has been a trend 
toward the development of such works

294
00:14:54.559 --> 00:14:57.520
and especially for Japanese animation industry

295
00:14:57.520 --> 00:15:00.880
The time slip and time leap genres are indispensable

296
00:15:00.880 --> 00:15:03.039
This topic has been around long time

297
00:15:03.039 --> 00:15:04.840
 with works like Paul's Miraculous Adventure

298
00:15:04.840 --> 00:15:06.919
that we watched when we were young

299
00:15:06.919 --> 00:15:10.599
and many other works from Tatsunoko Production

300
00:15:10.599 --> 00:15:13.080
that deal with themes of time travel

301
00:15:13.080 --> 00:15:14.719
This genre of time travel 
has continued to evolve and develop

302
00:15:14.719 --> 00:15:16.919
like in The Town Where Only I Am Missing

303
00:15:16.919 --> 00:15:20.159
with redemption narrative where past is 
intervened to save the present

304
00:15:20.159 --> 00:15:24.039
and like in Your Name, with fate overcoming narrative

305
00:15:24.039 --> 00:15:28.440
where they try to achieve love 
through disaster prevention

306
00:15:28.440 --> 00:15:30.119
and like in The Girl Who Leap Through Time

307
00:15:30.119 --> 00:15:32.640
personal growth is achieved through self discovery

308
00:15:32.640 --> 00:15:34.479
via time travel

309
00:15:34.479 --> 00:15:36.400
and more recent works like Summertime Render

310
00:15:36.400 --> 00:15:40.359
which combines mystery and time loops

311
00:15:40.359 --> 00:15:44.559
These genres have steadily

312
00:15:44.559 --> 00:15:47.320
continued to to develop

313
00:15:47.320 --> 00:15:49.799
And, in a way

314
00:15:49.799 --> 00:15:54.599
genres like everyday coming of age stories

315
00:15:54.599 --> 00:15:57.299
 school dramas, and pure slice of life works

316
00:15:57.299 --> 00:16:01.926
as well as sports genres like Slam Dunk and Haikyuu!!

317
00:16:01.926 --> 00:16:04.000
fantasy, and alternate world stories

318
00:16:04.000 --> 00:16:08.479
have consistently emerged and evolved

319
00:16:08.479 --> 00:16:11.359
A representative example would be Inuyasha

320
00:16:11.359 --> 00:16:14.799
and more recently, works like Sword Art Online

321
00:16:14.799 --> 00:16:17.080
which are set in virtual reality

322
00:16:17.080 --> 00:16:21.479
Also, there are dark fantasy works 
like Demon Slayer

323
00:16:21.479 --> 00:16:27.760
These works are also praised for blending

324
00:16:27.760 --> 00:16:33.080
tradition and action, while mixing various genres

325
00:16:33.080 --> 00:16:36.440
to establish new genres of their own

326
00:16:36.440 --> 00:16:41.719
They are also setting new standards 
for budgets in theatrical films

327
00:16:41.719 --> 00:16:44.440
And thirdly, we can talk about

328
00:16:44.440 --> 00:16:46.359
modernization and new challenges

329
00:16:46.359 --> 00:16:50.119
The 1990s saw significant innovation, 
influenced by Neon Genesis Evangelion

330
00:16:50.119 --> 00:16:53.479
which brought innovation not only in content

331
00:16:53.479 --> 00:16:57.159
but also in psychological narratives, 
religious and philosophical motifs

332
00:16:57.159 --> 00:16:59.039
and the reinterpretation of the mecha genre

333
00:16:59.039 --> 00:17:02.479
Industrially, the establishment 
of late night anime programming

334
00:17:02.479 --> 00:17:05.880
where anime targeted at older age groups began

335
00:17:05.880 --> 00:17:09.000
airing during late night time slots

336
00:17:09.000 --> 00:17:11.559
Works like Ghost in the Shell

337
00:17:11.559 --> 00:17:14.440
became a turning point, gaining global attention

338
00:17:14.440 --> 00:17:18.280
Technologically, it was also 
highly innovative, with a blend of 3D

339
00:17:18.280 --> 00:17:21.640
digital animation, and traditional hand drawn techniques

340
00:17:21.640 --> 00:17:25.559
It is considered a work that established

341
00:17:25.559 --> 00:17:28.919
the visual style of cyberpunk

342
00:17:28.919 --> 00:17:33.200
contributing to the modernization of anime

343
00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:34.900
Additionally, these works were often

344
00:17:34.900 --> 00:17:36.760
remade into Hollywood films

345
00:17:36.760 --> 00:17:40.680
In other words, outstanding works emerged that set

346
00:17:40.680 --> 00:17:43.160
new standards for the sci fi genre, 
receiving critical acclaim

347
00:17:43.702 --> 00:17:47.603
Chronology and Development of American Animation

348
00:17:47.815 --> 00:17:51.000
Next, let's divide American animation studios by generation

349
00:17:51.000 --> 00:17:54.719
and summarize their key characteristics 
and representative works

350
00:17:54.719 --> 00:17:57.400
The first generation marks 
the beginning of the early animation era

351
00:17:57.400 --> 00:18:00.400
spanning from the 1920s to the 1940s

352
00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:03.199
This period can be considered the dawn of animation

353
00:18:03.199 --> 00:18:06.359
It started with silent animation 
and then transitioned to sound animation

354
00:18:06.359 --> 00:18:08.119
In other words, it was the period 
when animation transitioned

355
00:18:08.119 --> 00:18:11.359
to include voiceovers, 
with sound becoming a key element

356
00:18:11.359 --> 00:18:13.959
and it can be considered

357
00:18:13.959 --> 00:18:16.000
the golden age of theatrical short films

358
00:18:16.000 --> 00:18:19.680
A major studio during this period 
is Walt Disney Studios

359
00:18:19.680 --> 00:18:21.599
one of the most prominent pioneers

360
00:18:21.599 --> 00:18:23.640
During this period

361
00:18:23.640 --> 00:18:26.800
there were works like Pinocchio

362
00:18:26.800 --> 00:18:28.599
and Dumbo which has an elephant as a protagonist

363
00:18:28.599 --> 00:18:32.040
There was also Fleischer Studios

364
00:18:32.040 --> 00:18:35.280
which was actually established before Disney

365
00:18:35.280 --> 00:18:38.079
Betty Boop is a character animation series

366
00:18:38.079 --> 00:18:42.719
that is not widely known in Korea

367
00:18:42.719 --> 00:18:45.000
but has been a classic in the U.S. for many years

368
00:18:45.000 --> 00:18:47.079
Additionally, works like Popeye

369
00:18:47.079 --> 00:18:49.520
have been aired in Korea as well

370
00:18:49.520 --> 00:18:53.599
Warner Bros., also well-known 
for producing films and TV shows

371
00:18:53.599 --> 00:18:57.839
was established in 1933 during this period

372
00:18:57.839 --> 00:19:00.880
Representative works include the Looney Tunes series

373
00:19:00.880 --> 00:19:04.359
featuring the iconic rabbit, and Merrie Melodies

374
00:19:04.359 --> 00:19:07.400
And MGM Studios which produce movies

375
00:19:07.400 --> 00:19:09.839
they also established a cartoon studio

376
00:19:09.839 --> 00:19:11.439
established in 1934

377
00:19:11.439 --> 00:19:13.920
The Tom and Jerry series is one of the most
well known works from MGM's cartoon studio

378
00:19:13.920 --> 00:19:17.319
The second generation, often referred to as the golden age

379
00:19:17.319 --> 00:19:19.800
of TV animation series

380
00:19:19.800 --> 00:19:24.199
 spans from the 1950s to the 1970s

381
00:19:24.199 --> 00:19:28.239
It was a period when the industry shifted

382
00:19:28.239 --> 00:19:30.000
from theatrical short films to TV animation

383
00:19:30.000 --> 00:19:32.760
and low-budget TV series

384
00:19:32.760 --> 00:19:36.199
began to rise rapidly

385
00:19:36.199 --> 00:19:38.680
Hanna Barbera Productions

386
00:19:38.680 --> 00:19:40.839
although not as well known in Korea

387
00:19:40.839 --> 00:19:44.920
was a highly famous production in the U.S., 
almost as iconic as Disney

388
00:19:44.920 --> 00:19:47.599
Representative works include The Flintstones

389
00:19:47.599 --> 00:19:49.079
known in Korea as The Bedrock Family

390
00:19:49.079 --> 00:19:53.000
Scooby-Doo, and Tom and Jerry, 
which were later continued

391
00:19:53.000 --> 00:19:55.239
as TV series by Hanna-Barbera

392
00:19:55.239 --> 00:19:58.560
Additionally, there were Jay Ward Productions

393
00:19:58.560 --> 00:20:03.119
UPA, and Filmation studios

394
00:20:03.119 --> 00:20:07.280
These studios produced works 
that may not be as familiar in Korea

395
00:20:07.280 --> 00:20:11.199
such as Rocky and Bullwinkle, Mr. Magoo

396
00:20:11.199 --> 00:20:16.520
Superman, and Super Friends

397
00:20:16.520 --> 00:20:18.710
The third generation marks the period

398
00:20:18.710 --> 00:20:21.280
when the animation industry was reborn

399
00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:24.760
It spans from the 1980s to the 1990s

400
00:20:24.760 --> 00:20:27.719
This period can be described as the revival of Disney

401
00:20:27.719 --> 00:20:29.560
and the Renaissance era of animated films

402
00:20:29.560 --> 00:20:31.839
It can be described as a period

403
00:20:31.839 --> 00:20:35.640
characterized by various experiments

404
00:20:35.640 --> 00:20:37.040
and creative innovations in TV animation

405
00:20:37.040 --> 00:20:39.920
This was also the period when computer graphics

406
00:20:39.920 --> 00:20:43.119
were fully introduced into animation production

407
00:20:43.119 --> 00:20:46.079
The major studios active during this period
include Walt Disney

408
00:20:46.079 --> 00:20:50.079
which I referred to earlier as experiencing a revival

409
00:20:50.079 --> 00:20:54.359
After a period of not being able to 
exert significant influence

410
00:20:54.359 --> 00:20:57.520
Disney achieving a great success

411
00:20:57.520 --> 00:20:59.800
with The Little Mermaid in 1989

412
00:20:59.800 --> 00:21:03.719
Following that, Disney continued its successful formula

413
00:21:03.719 --> 00:21:05.350
by launching theatrical films

414
00:21:05.350 --> 00:21:08.599
such as Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King

415
00:21:08.599 --> 00:21:13.839
further solidifying its success

416
00:21:13.839 --> 00:21:19.079
In 1987, Blue Sky Studios, based in New York

417
00:21:19.079 --> 00:21:21.239
was established, specializing in 
creating innovative 3D animation

418
00:21:21.239 --> 00:21:25.800
using computer graphics technology

419
00:21:25.800 --> 00:21:28.280
One of its representative works is Ice Age

420
00:21:28.280 --> 00:21:31.000
And there's Don Bluth Productions

421
00:21:31.000 --> 00:21:33.040
founded by former Disney animator Don Bluth

422
00:21:33.040 --> 00:21:37.119
Representative works from Don Bluth Productions

423
00:21:37.119 --> 00:21:39.800
include An American Tail

424
00:21:39.800 --> 00:21:42.000
which may not be as well-known in Korea

425
00:21:42.000 --> 00:21:43.599
Additionally, there's Tiny Toon Adventure

426
00:21:43.599 --> 00:21:46.895
an evolution of Looney Tunes

427
00:21:46.895 --> 00:21:49.079
featuring a wider range of characters

428
00:21:49.079 --> 00:21:50.779
And then Pixar Animation Studios

429
00:21:50.779 --> 00:21:53.926
which we are all familiar with, was founded

430
00:21:53.926 --> 00:21:57.239
Pixar Animation Studios was the production company

431
00:21:57.239 --> 00:22:00.199
that revolutionized the use of 
computer graphics in 3D animation

432
00:22:00.199 --> 00:22:01.599
Representative works from Pixar include Toy Story

433
00:22:01.599 --> 00:22:05.119
and A Bug's Life, both of 
which achieved tremendous success

434
00:22:05.119 --> 00:22:07.520
The fourth generation can be described

435
00:22:07.520 --> 00:22:10.280
as the digital age and the era of globalization

436
00:22:10.280 --> 00:22:13.199
This period spans from the 2000s to the early 2010s

437
00:22:13.199 --> 00:22:15.839
It can be considered the golden age of 3D animation

438
00:22:15.839 --> 00:22:20.599
And before the rise of streaming services

439
00:22:20.599 --> 00:22:24.079
this period can be considered 
the golden age of theatrical animated films

440
00:22:24.079 --> 00:22:27.239
It was also a period 
when independent animation studios

441
00:22:27.239 --> 00:22:31.319
and experimental works saw a significant increase

442
00:22:31.319 --> 00:22:34.160
Key studios from this period include

443
00:22:34.160 --> 00:22:37.439
DreamWorks Animation, Blue Sky Studios, 
Sony Pictures Animation

444
00:22:37.439 --> 00:22:41.400
Nickelodeon Movies, and Laika

445
00:22:41.400 --> 00:22:45.250
Works from these studios 
have been widely introduced in Korea

446
00:22:45.250 --> 00:22:48.010
This period saw the release of works like

447
00:22:48.010 --> 00:22:53.475
Shrek, Kung Fu Panda, Ice Age Hotel Transylvania

448
00:22:53.475 --> 00:22:55.425
Spider-Man Into the Spider-Verse, 
SpongeBob SquarePants

449
00:22:55.425 --> 00:22:59.079
as well as Avatar series Coraline

450
00:22:59.079 --> 00:23:02.839
and Kubo and the Two Strings

451
00:23:02.839 --> 00:23:05.160
which was released in 2016

452
00:23:05.160 --> 00:23:08.439
Laika is a production company that, until then

453
00:23:08.439 --> 00:23:10.400
Aardman from the UK was the most famous

454
00:23:10.400 --> 00:23:14.400
creating stop-motion animation

455
00:23:14.400 --> 00:23:18.479
The establishment of a stop-motion animation studio

456
00:23:18.479 --> 00:23:21.680
in the U.S. in 2005 was a very unusual 
and significant development

457
00:23:21.680 --> 00:23:26.680
The studio received positive reviews

458
00:23:26.680 --> 00:23:29.119
and established a strong presence

459
00:23:29.119 --> 00:23:31.359
during that time is indeed considered a very unique

460
00:23:31.359 --> 00:23:33.640
and noteworthy achievement

461
00:23:33.640 --> 00:23:37.520
And then, the fifth generation, 
which is modern animation

462
00:23:37.520 --> 00:23:42.520
It is a period characterized by diversity

463
00:23:42.520 --> 00:23:45.729
This period saw the rapid growth of streaming platforms

464
00:23:45.729 --> 00:23:49.760
like Netflix, making them mainstream media

465
00:23:49.760 --> 00:23:51.560
and since streaming is internet based

466
00:23:51.560 --> 00:23:54.719
it also marked a time

467
00:23:54.719 --> 00:23:57.719
when all launched content

468
00:23:57.719 --> 00:24:01.880
naturally expanded to a global audience

469
00:24:01.880 --> 00:24:04.599
It is also an era when established major studios

470
00:24:04.599 --> 00:24:07.880
began to challenge new technologies and formats

471
00:24:07.880 --> 00:24:11.719
As a result, it was a period 
when a wide variety of animated works

472
00:24:11.719 --> 00:24:13.439
were being produced and released

473
00:24:13.439 --> 00:24:18.239
through various media platforms in large numbers

474
00:24:18.239 --> 00:24:20.160
The major studios of this period

475
00:24:20.160 --> 00:24:22.680
include Pixar Animation Studios which, 
as mentioned earlier

476
00:24:22.680 --> 00:24:27.280
continues to perform excellently 
and remains active to this day

477
00:24:27.280 --> 00:24:31.079
Additionally, Walt Disney, Sony Pictures

478
00:24:31.079 --> 00:24:33.560
and Netflix Animation 
have been producing original animations

479
00:24:33.560 --> 00:24:38.489
through collaborations with various independent studios

480
00:24:38.489 --> 00:24:41.479
and large production companies

481
00:24:41.479 --> 00:24:43.560
And Illumination Entertainment is

482
00:24:43.560 --> 00:24:47.920
a unique studio that was originally based in France

483
00:24:47.920 --> 00:24:49.560
After being acquired by Universal

484
00:24:49.560 --> 00:24:52.719
it is now integrated and referred to 
as part of Universal Studios

485
00:24:52.719 --> 00:24:55.839
One of their most notable works is Despicable Me

486
00:24:55.839 --> 00:24:58.439
which, as a single animated film holds the record

487
00:24:58.439 --> 00:25:02.040
for one of the highest-grossing animated films to date

488
00:25:02.040 --> 00:25:05.000
They are also well-known for works like

489
00:25:05.000 --> 00:25:06.719
Minions and Super Mario Bros

490
00:25:06.719 --> 00:25:08.839
Additionally, like I mentioned earlier

491
00:25:08.839 --> 00:25:12.834
the stop-motion animation studio Laika

492
00:25:12.834 --> 00:25:17.000
also created Missing Link during this period

493
00:25:17.783 --> 00:25:21.703
The New Trends in Modern Animation

494
00:25:22.000 --> 00:25:24.657
Finally, the new trends in modern animation

495
00:25:24.657 --> 00:25:26.439
There are various trends

496
00:25:26.439 --> 00:25:28.889
Let’s take a look at some of the key trends

497
00:25:28.889 --> 00:25:31.800
among the various new developments

498
00:25:31.800 --> 00:25:34.640
The first trend I’d like to highlight is

499
00:25:34.640 --> 00:25:37.400
the unique body of work of director Makoto Shinkai

500
00:25:37.400 --> 00:25:41.400
which cannot be overlooked

501
00:25:41.400 --> 00:25:44.760
His first work, 
Voices of a Distant Star released in 2002

502
00:25:44.760 --> 00:25:46.760
was made on a very low budget

503
00:25:46.760 --> 00:25:50.959
Despite it was made with a one man creator feel

504
00:25:50.959 --> 00:25:54.119
the film gained significant praise for its unique imagery

505
00:25:54.119 --> 00:25:59.760
and through word of mouth, began to gain attention

506
00:25:59.760 --> 00:26:03.479
almost like a modern day reverse trend

507
00:26:03.479 --> 00:26:07.239
With this positive evaluation

508
00:26:07.239 --> 00:26:12.520
he was able to attract investors 
and collaborating production companies

509
00:26:12.520 --> 00:26:16.439
and from then on, 
he continued to create excellent works

510
00:26:16.439 --> 00:26:19.599
One of his works, The Garden of Words

511
00:26:19.599 --> 00:26:21.719
is praised for its evolution in style

512
00:26:21.719 --> 00:26:24.839
The film features hyper realistic depictions 
of urban landscapes

513
00:26:24.839 --> 00:26:26.880
intricate portrayals of light and sunlight

514
00:26:26.880 --> 00:26:29.880
and a delicate balance between everyday life

515
00:26:29.880 --> 00:26:32.800
and fantasy, showcasing

516
00:26:32.800 --> 00:26:36.400
his refined artistic progression

517
00:26:36.400 --> 00:26:41.359
During this period, 
many other creators and animation studios

518
00:26:41.359 --> 00:26:45.479
influenced by Makoto Shinkai's works

519
00:26:45.479 --> 00:26:49.239
began to emulate his distinctive style

520
00:26:49.239 --> 00:26:56.694
Despite receiving acclaim for 
its unique artistic qualities

521
00:26:56.694 --> 00:26:59.280
his works had not achieved 
significant commercial success

522
00:26:59.280 --> 00:27:02.959
But Your Name released in 2016

523
00:27:02.959 --> 00:27:07.280
became a massive success, 
especially in China, Japan, and Korea

524
00:27:07.280 --> 00:27:10.400
It was visually striking

525
00:27:10.400 --> 00:27:14.119
innovative, and of very high quality

526
00:27:14.119 --> 00:27:16.280
Indeed, it is the key factor that serve

527
00:27:16.280 --> 00:27:18.719
as the foundation for the success

528
00:27:18.719 --> 00:27:21.319
Additionally, narratively Your Name revitalized

529
00:27:21.319 --> 00:27:26.359
the time travel or time leap genre,
which is often used in Japanese animation

530
00:27:26.359 --> 00:27:30.119
In a way, Your Name redefined and reinforced

531
00:27:30.119 --> 00:27:32.800
the time-leap genre through 
its massive commercial success

532
00:27:32.800 --> 00:27:35.839
and following its release, 
many other Japanese time leap genre animations

533
00:27:35.839 --> 00:27:41.160
experienced a resurgence, gaining significant attention

534
00:27:41.160 --> 00:27:43.260
Another key trend we should highlight

535
00:27:43.260 --> 00:27:45.079
is the new technologies

536
00:27:45.079 --> 00:27:48.479
and methods of expression in modern animation

537
00:27:48.479 --> 00:27:51.040
There are several aspects to consider

538
00:27:51.040 --> 00:27:55.079
In the case of ufotable's Demon Slayer series

539
00:27:55.079 --> 00:27:58.839
although the fusion of 2D and 3D 
has been tried for a while

540
00:27:58.839 --> 00:28:03.520
it can be said that this series represents 
the pinnacle of such method

541
00:28:03.520 --> 00:28:06.400
It has been praised for achieving the optimal harmony

542
00:28:06.400 --> 00:28:09.079
between traditional animation and digital effects

543
00:28:09.079 --> 00:28:13.040
The action scenes are so well directed that

544
00:28:13.040 --> 00:28:18.479
to borrow a term from YouTube culture,
they are often referred to as god tier

545
00:28:18.479 --> 00:28:21.520
dditionally, MAPPA is well-known

546
00:28:21.520 --> 00:28:24.680
for its work on Attack on Titan

547
00:28:24.680 --> 00:28:28.736
One of the elements that raised questions about

548
00:28:28.736 --> 00:28:30.760
how it could be depicted in animation

549
00:28:30.760 --> 00:28:33.760
given that the original source is a manga

550
00:28:33.760 --> 00:28:35.800
was the 3D maneuver gear

551
00:28:35.800 --> 00:28:40.560
 It has been highly praised for

552
00:28:40.560 --> 00:28:42.599
how well it was represented in 3D

553
00:28:42.599 --> 00:28:46.719
By depicting large scale battle scenes incredibly well

554
00:28:46.719 --> 00:28:49.959
It has grown into a studio 
that generates great anticipation

555
00:28:49.959 --> 00:28:53.719
Since then, works like Chainsaw Man

556
00:28:53.719 --> 00:28:55.599
being praised for experimental direction

557
00:28:55.599 --> 00:28:58.160
comic elements

558
00:28:58.160 --> 00:29:03.599
It has received positive reviews for

559
00:29:03.599 --> 00:29:05.520
unique camera for unique camera work

560
00:29:05.520 --> 00:29:08.680
that brilliantly animates those comic elements

561
00:29:08.680 --> 00:29:13.160
In addition, the increase 
in international co-productions

562
00:29:13.160 --> 00:29:15.640
which in fact doesn't need to be looked for far

563
00:29:15.640 --> 00:29:21.280
as there are many animations 
co-produced by Korea and France

564
00:29:21.280 --> 00:29:24.079
The English title is Miraculous

565
00:29:24.079 --> 00:29:27.160
but in Korea, it is known as Bugs Lady?

566
00:29:27.160 --> 00:29:31.760
Anyway, even in the case of 3D animations

567
00:29:31.760 --> 00:29:35.239
it was a co-production between France and Korea

568
00:29:35.239 --> 00:29:40.275
and in fact, many works from various countries

569
00:29:40.275 --> 00:29:43.966
 have been created through

570
00:29:43.966 --> 00:29:47.239
cross-border co-productions

571
00:29:47.239 --> 00:29:51.359
As cultures blend like this

572
00:29:51.359 --> 00:29:55.920
it starts to be reflected in the works as well

573
00:29:55.920 --> 00:29:58.370
A representative example is the highly successful

574
00:29:58.370 --> 00:29:59.440
 animated series on Netflix

575
00:29:59.440 --> 00:30:02.538
Blue Eye Samurai, while it is set in Japan

576
00:30:02.538 --> 00:30:05.000
it tells the story of a Westerner

577
00:30:05.000 --> 00:30:09.650
 a Western woman with blue eyes

578
00:30:09.650 --> 00:30:11.500
living as a samurai

579
00:30:11.500 --> 00:30:13.989
These can now be considered

580
00:30:13.989 --> 00:30:17.337
representative examples of cultural fusion

581
00:30:17.337 --> 00:30:24.000
In addition, as streaming services 
became the mainstream platform

582
00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:27.099
competition began to intensify

583
00:30:27.099 --> 00:30:30.023
Netflix focuses heavily on unique visual effects

584
00:30:30.023 --> 00:30:33.718
and as a result, through a co-production

585
00:30:33.718 --> 00:30:37.484
with the French company Fortiche Production

586
00:30:37.484 --> 00:30:40.317
well-known for the League of Legends game cinematic

587
00:30:40.317 --> 00:30:42.563
has created

588
00:30:42.563 --> 00:30:45.000
a highly successful animated series

589
00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:48.000
called Arcane

590
00:30:48.000 --> 00:30:52.891
Through collaboration with Japan's Trigger Studio

591
00:30:52.891 --> 00:30:57.386
they created Cyberpunk: Edgerunners

592
00:30:57.386 --> 00:30:59.986
utilizing the world of the game Cyberpunk 2077

593
00:30:59.986 --> 00:31:04.792
by the Russian game studio CD Project

594
00:31:04.792 --> 00:31:09.327
Additionally, they are creating 
visually innovative works

595
00:31:09.327 --> 00:31:12.727
through various collaborations with Japanese

596
00:31:12.727 --> 00:31:16.000
and other production companies

597
00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:20.544
Disney Plus, on the other hand, 
has been focusing on expanding its universe

598
00:31:20.544 --> 00:31:22.473
through animated works that utilize various franchises

599
00:31:22.473 --> 00:31:24.970
such as Marvel and Star Wars

600
00:31:24.970 --> 00:31:27.752
by absorbing these franchises

601
00:31:27.752 --> 00:31:29.552
Another streaming service

602
00:31:29.552 --> 00:31:31.782
Amazon Prime

603
00:31:31.782 --> 00:31:34.822
targets an adult audience

604
00:31:34.822 --> 00:31:37.572
and has launched many highly violent works

605
00:31:37.572 --> 00:31:39.356
tailored to that demographic

606
00:31:39.356 --> 00:31:43.106
Invincible, for example, may appear

607
00:31:43.106 --> 00:31:45.841
to be a typical superhero animation

608
00:31:45.841 --> 00:31:48.391
but its content and level of violence depiction

609
00:31:48.391 --> 00:31:50.406
are quite bold and intense

610
00:31:50.406 --> 00:31:53.856
This can also be seen as Amazon Prime attempting

611
00:31:53.856 --> 00:31:55.822
to create new animated works

612
00:31:55.822 --> 00:31:58.871
that align with the nature of their streaming service

613
00:31:58.871 --> 00:32:03.010
We have covered the history of
Japanese and American animation

614
00:32:03.010 --> 00:32:07.396
and also looked at the new trends 
in the animation industry

615
00:32:07.396 --> 00:32:09.846
Finally, what I would like to mention is

616
00:32:09.846 --> 00:32:14.198
the future challenges of Korean animation

617
00:32:14.198 --> 00:32:17.748
Currently, Korean animation has been

618
00:32:17.748 --> 00:32:19.742
overly focused on young children

619
00:32:19.742 --> 00:32:22.713
It is not easy to transition away 
from being focused on young children

620
00:32:22.713 --> 00:32:25.863
It is a market where it has to 
compete with the major works

621
00:32:25.863 --> 00:32:28.010
that I mentioned earlier

622
00:32:28.010 --> 00:32:31.228
In a way, this can be considered the mainstream market

623
00:32:31.228 --> 00:32:35.782
and to break into this market, 
it will be necessary to surpass

624
00:32:35.782 --> 00:32:39.139
existing works in terms of expressiveness,
direction, and technical skills

625
00:32:39.139 --> 00:32:41.950
These aspects will need to be developed and cultivated

626
00:32:41.950 --> 00:32:44.750
And in a way

627
00:32:44.750 --> 00:32:47.178
animations will likely be created

628
00:32:47.178 --> 00:32:51.356
and launched primarily 
through global streaming platforms

629
00:32:51.356 --> 00:32:55.960
Through this, it could be said that

630
00:32:55.960 --> 00:33:00.208
like the expression, 
the most Korean is the most global

631
00:33:00.208 --> 00:33:03.358
one of the future challenges will be

632
00:33:03.358 --> 00:33:05.297
to strike a balance between local elements

633
00:33:05.297 --> 00:33:10.376
and global appeal by blending 
Korean uniqueness with themes

634
00:33:10.376 --> 00:33:15.020
that can resonate in the global market

635
00:33:15.020 --> 00:33:18.000
This concludes today's lecture, thank you

636
00:33:19.150 --> 00:33:20.800
The originality and unique value of animation
The originality of animation
Freedom of expression and imagination

637
00:33:20.800 --> 00:33:22.400
Stylization and aesthetics
Direct emotional expression through exaggerated facial expressions and actions
A true form of comprehensive art

638
00:33:22.400 --> 00:33:24.041
The unique value of animation
Transcendental delivery of emotions and messages
A medium representing cultural diversity and creativity
Content for all ages

639
00:33:24.041 --> 00:33:26.541
Chronology and development of Japanese animation
Generation 1: Early animation (1950s–1970s)
Birthday of the animation industry
Expansion of production into TV animation
Establishment of a unique Japanese style

640
00:33:26.541 --> 00:33:28.997
2nd Generation: Industry Expansion Animation (1980s-early 1990s)
Explosive growth of TV animation
The era of OVA (Original Video Animation)
Popularization of animation

641
00:33:28.997 --> 00:33:31.497
3rd Generation: Globalization and Digital Transition Animation (Late 1990s to Mid 2000s)
Introduction of digital animation technology
Increase in works targeting the global market
Simultaneous increase in theatrical releases, TV series, and OVAs

642
00:33:31.497 --> 00:33:33.963
4th Generation: Modern Animation (2010s and later)
Growth of streaming services and globalization
Activation of independent production companies and cloud funding
Full-scale use of 3D animation technology

643
00:33:33.963 --> 00:33:34.995
The history and development of American animation
1st Generation: The Beginning of Early Animation (1920s–1940s)

644
00:33:34.995 --> 00:33:35.968
The birth of animation and the golden age of theatrical short animations
Transition from silent animation to sound animation

645
00:33:35.968 --> 00:33:36.951
2nd Gen, The Golden Age of TV Animation (1950s–1970s)
Shift from theatrical animations to TV animation as the central focus
Low-budget TV series

646
00:33:36.951 --> 00:33:37.967
3rd Generation: The Rebirth of the Animation Industry (1980s–1990s)
The revival of Disney and the renaissance of animated films

647
00:33:37.967 --> 00:33:38.943
Various experiments and creative attempts in TV animation
Gradual introduction of computer-generated imagery (CGI)

648
00:33:38.943 --> 00:33:40.543
4th Generation: The Digital Age and Globalization (2000s–Early 2010s)
The golden age of 3D animation

649
00:33:40.543 --> 00:33:42.293
The golden age of feature-length animation before streaming services
Independent animation studios and experimental works rise

650
00:33:42.293 --> 00:33:43.995
Generation 5: Diversity and streaming in contemporary animation(2010s onwards)
The rise of streaming platforms and global expansion
The rise of independent studios and diverse experimental works

651
00:33:43.995 --> 00:33:44.985
The new trends in contemporary animation
The works of Makoto Shinkai

652
00:33:44.985 --> 00:33:45.924
Establishment of a unique style: Evolution of style in description and expression compared to early works
Commercial success and artistry: Visual and narrative innovation achieved through 'Your Name' (2016)

653
00:33:45.924 --> 00:33:46.905
New technologies and ways of expression
Digital innovation: ufotable’s technology and MAPPA’s challenge
New ways of producing: The rise of international co-productions

654
00:33:46.905 --> 00:33:47.895
Changes in platforms and future prospects
Netflix, Expansion of original series focused on visual effects

655
00:33:47.895 --> 00:33:48.866
Disney+: Expansion of universe using various franchise animations
Prime Video: Targeting adults with violent and bold themes