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In the last lecture, we talked about water

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Afterward, many of the viewers asked,

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"Can't I just drink coffee instead?"

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or "What about green tea?"

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"How about Solomon's seal tea?"

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or "Maybe a cassia seed tea?"

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Even some elderly viewers asked,
"Is roasted barley tea okay?"

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and "What about corn tea?"

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The variety of questions really took off

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So, I'll go over the "water" topic again

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Among the drinks we consume, 
especially in Korea,

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and younger women,
who may have heard that

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it helps with dieting, often ask,
"Isn't cornsilk tea okay?"

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They ask things like these

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Then, health-conscious folks jump in with,

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"What about mushroom tea?"

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Shiitake, phellinus mushrooms

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You name it

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I mentioned the conclusion last time

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What did I say?

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Tea is tea, water is just water

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I am not saying you shouldn't drink tea

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Go ahead, there's no problem at all

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The point is, you can't actually
replace water with those teas

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Now, what will we talk about today?

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Carcinogens in food

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It's a pretty serious topic, right?

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And look at the examples

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Coffee, fries, pepper

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We eat these things daily

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Practically every day

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Even kids love those

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The reason I'm bringing this up
isn't to scare anyone

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It's more like, shouldn't we at least

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know what to look out for?

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Another big concern I have
when I give these talks is

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for people who get too concerned 
about what they eat

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Those who are overly sensitive

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Like, they even go into whether

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they're 'warm-natured' or 'cool natured'

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Imagine you're visiting a friend's place,
and they serve up some bibimbap

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There's all these delicious veggies

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and that delicious gochujang sauce

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But then you notice there are 
sliced cucumbers in there and think

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"Oh no, I'm cool natured,
I shouldn't be eating cucumbers..."

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Some people even keep lists

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Foods they think they need to avoid

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"No cucumbers for me, I'm cool natured"

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So, while everyone else is happiliy
mixing up and enjoying their bibimbap,

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this one is sitting here, stressing over 
what to do with those cucumber slices

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Eventually, they pick them out
and push them to the side

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Then, have a bite

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But even after all that, there's always 
a chance a tiny piece snuck in, right?

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And sure enough, as they're chewing,

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they bite in to one

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Then they go like this,
"Oh no, I ate a cucumber,"

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"but I'm cool natured..."

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At that point, it's not about 
being 'cool natured' or whatever

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It's more like a mental thing

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Honestly, even if you are 
especially 'coolest natured'

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just mixing it up and enjoying it
isn't going to hurt you

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The real issue is that

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it's only a problem 
if you're eating a ton of foods

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that don't suit your body
or that you think are 'bad' for you

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Having it once or twice?

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That's no problem at all

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People ask me this question all the time

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What question do you think it is?

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"Do you eat ramen?"

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Well, do I?

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Of course! Why wouldn't I?

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The problem isn't ramen itself

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It's when having it for breakfast
because you don't have time

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then a cup of noodles for lunch

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and ramen again for dinner
because you don't feel like cooking

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When you're eating it nonstop,
it's a real problem

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And for the record,
I'm not eating it a lot these days

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So why do people say ramen's bad?

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It's because the noodles 
are fried in palm oil

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which is especially high in saturated fat

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Plus, if those go into those packets

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and stored in a hot place,

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The heat can cause the fat to go rancid,
which is where the concern comes from

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If you're worried about that,
there are non-fried noodles these days

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But fried noodles taste great

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So, what's the issue? 
The oil, of course

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Here's a little trick,
it might take a bit more effort

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but you can boil some 
extra water in an electric kettle

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You're boiling water at two places

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An electric kettle heats up quickly

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Cook the ramen noodles, drain the water

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and then pour in the fresh,
hot water from the kettle

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There are plenty of ways to make it work

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Before we dive into 
today's topic, I just want to say

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don't get too stressed about this

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I can already picture some of you

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waking up tomorrow, 
holding your morning coffee, trembling

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thinking, 'Professor Lee said 
there's a carcinogen in coffee..'

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No, don't worry

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It's fine if you drink 
two or three cups a day

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So who should be paying attention?

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People who eat a lot of these things, 
and over a long period of time

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And take fries, for example,
who eats them the most?

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Kids

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These days, one of the top 
kitchen appliances moms buy

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for their kids’ health is

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the air fryer

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Why? Because it can 
make fries without all the oil

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They’ll grab a bag of frozen fries, 
pop them in the air fryer, and serve them

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There's a problem, right?

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That’s what I’m talking about

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When do we usually use pepper?

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When we're grilling meat, right?

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And depending on how 
we sprinkle that pepper,

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we could end up with a lot of 
carcinogens in what we’re eating

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Let's talk about this

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First, let's talk about coffee

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As you know, coffee is only grown in 
certain areas known as the coffee belt

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It grows only in this area

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And as today’s topic is coffee,

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we can se that coffee consumption 
has been steadily increasing

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Especially in Korea, where coffee 
holds some serious records

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One of the biggest coffee franchises here
made over 2 trillion won in annual sales

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And which age group makes up 
the biggest chunk of those sales?

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Women in their 20s and 30s

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Women in their 20s to 30s

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These days, they even buy 1L size coffee

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It's almost like people think drinking two
or three of those a day makes you trendy

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Young women in their 20s and 30s are 
a highly important group in our society

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Why?

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They’re the ones who will 
bring in the next generation

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Just think, when a baby is born,
it's a big celebration, right?

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It is, right?

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These days people struggle with pregnancy,
obstructed labour, and even infertility

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I’m not saying coffee is the only cause,

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but it could be a factor, why?

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The amount has gone way up

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Korea’s per capita coffee consumption 
ranks right at the top globally

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At the top

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These days, if you don’t 
have coffee after a meal,

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People consider you strange, right?

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"Let's grab a coffee" because automatic

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after having a meal

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It has become a part of the culture, which
is why I'm talking about this topic today

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Now, I bring this up because 
I never used to drink coffee myself

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I studied abroad in the U.S. and 
lived there for about nine years,

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but it wasn’t about disliking coffee
I just couldn’t handle it

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Recently, I worked on a government study 
analyzing the coffee Koreans drink

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For three years, I had the chance to 
analyze all kinds of commercial coffee,

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and I was surprised by what I found

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I kept wondering, why don’t people 
seem more concerned about the issues?

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People just care about taste and aroma

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They think it's a preference thing

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Just like how people smoke

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despite all the carcinogens in cigarettes

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So, they don't consider the health impact

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They've completely

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overlooked it, thinking

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"It's just a preference"

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But here's the thing,
while cigarettes might be a preference

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coffee is not a preference, but a food

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People consume them that much

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It’s not just a preference anymore, right?

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Almost everyone drinks it,

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and globally, the consumption 
levels are massive

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According to statistics,

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the average person consumes 
360 cups of coffee per year

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50 million people drink that much coffee

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Now, here’s where it got interesting

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On March 30, 2018, 
the California Superior Court

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made a ruling about coffee

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You can find this online

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Basically, they decided that

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every coffee shop in California, 
including Starbucks and 90 other chains,

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had to put up a warning sign

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The sign had to say something like, 
the coffee we serve contains carcinogens

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Drinking this coffee while pregnant 
may lead to miscarriage

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This ruling caused a massive stir

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Not just in California,

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but worldwide

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People in the coffee industry,

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coffee lovers, and even 
environmental groups all got involved

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Now, it’s been a while

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It's been three years since then,

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and while the judge who made the ruling

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can’t really comment on it anymore,

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if you look up articles, you’ll see a lot
pushing back against that decision

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So, what about coffee?

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The argument is that the amount of 
carcinogens in coffee is so small

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that it’s not a real concern

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That carcinogen is called acrylamide

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This acrylamide carciinogen

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isn’t naturally found in coffee beans

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Not in coffee beans

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When does it form?

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During the roasting process

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This carcinogen forms 
during the roasting process

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But up until now, what’s been 
the main focus during roasting?

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Just the taste and aroma

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Why?

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Because it sells well

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But here’s my point

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With coffee consumption going up,

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if we start paying more 
attention to the roasting process,

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we could have coffee that’s tasty 
and aromatic without the carcinogens

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So, I kind of feel burdened

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If I talk about the topic of coffee

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there are many people who show interest

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But this is all based on articles online

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The debate around carcinogens 
in coffee will keep coming up

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Alright, let us go into further detail

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When we get coffee beans,
they start out as green beans

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They’re literally green in color,

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which is why they’re called green beans

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Then what do we do with them?

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We roast them

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Once they’re roasted,

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they turn into the coffee beans

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Now, we brew those beans

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in all kinds of ways to make coffee

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When does acrylamide form?

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Only during roasting

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It only form when heat is applied

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It didn't exist at first

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So, when did this become an issue?

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Back in 2002, a research team 
in Sweden reported that

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french fries had a problem

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This kicked off the whole discussion,

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eventually bringing coffee into the mix

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Now, when coffee is roasted,

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it can be done lightly

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or strongly

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When you roast stronger, 
it makes the coffee darker

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If lightly roasted, the color is lighter

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When you roast coffee beans

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even when you roast grains, 
it turns brown, right?

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That browning reaction is 
called the Maillard reaction

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Named after a French scientist, 
it’s pronounced a few ways

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Anyway, the French scientist said,
it produces carcinogens when turns brown

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and aroma also

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When you bake bread, it turns brown 
and releases that delicious smell

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That's all because of

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the Maillard reaction

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While it creates flavor, 
it also produces carcinogens

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It can't be avoided

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It’s a trade-off

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This browning reaction, 
or Maillard reaction,

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usually happens between 
150 and 180 degrees Celsius

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when amino acids meet reducing sugars

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Now, there are different amino acids

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For instance, in baked bread, 
the amino acid lysine reacts with glucose

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to give that fresh-bread smell

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The maple syrup aroma comes from serine

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When it comes to grilled meat,

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the browning releases 
that amazing roasted aroma

256
00:15:41.285 --> 00:15:44.105
That's also because of 
an amino acid called cystine

257
00:15:44.105 --> 00:15:47.625
that reacts with heat, 
creating the smell of cooked meat

258
00:15:47.625 --> 00:15:52.965
The problem with coffee and potatoes 
is they contain asparagine

259
00:15:52.965 --> 00:15:57.286
When asparagine meets glucose 
and hits that browning temperature,

260
00:15:57.286 --> 00:15:59.566
it creates acrylamide, a carcinogen

261
00:15:59.566 --> 00:16:05.086
When I talk about this, people ask, 
"What about scorched rice?"

262
00:16:05.086 --> 00:16:07.859
"Isn’t that browned, too?"

263
00:16:07.859 --> 00:16:08.859
Is that fine?

264
00:16:08.859 --> 00:16:11.994
Yes, but it’s fine, why?

265
00:16:11.994 --> 00:16:16.586
Because rice has very little asparagine

266
00:16:16.586 --> 00:16:20.046
The problem only arises 
when asparagine is there

267
00:16:20.046 --> 00:16:22.746
What contains asparagine a lot, did I say?

268
00:16:22.746 --> 00:16:25.686
In coffee and potatoes

269
00:16:25.686 --> 00:16:26.859
Do you understand now?

270
00:16:26.859 --> 00:16:30.286
So, no need to worry about scorched rice

271
00:16:30.286 --> 00:16:33.489
I’m sure people will still ask,

272
00:16:33.489 --> 00:16:37.221
“But I eat scorched rice 
every day, is it safe?”

273
00:16:37.221 --> 00:16:38.566
Yes, absolutely

274
00:16:38.566 --> 00:16:39.806
Please enjoy

275
00:16:39.806 --> 00:16:42.766
Our ancestors weren't ordinary people

276
00:16:42.766 --> 00:16:45.702
They wisely told us 
to enjoy scorched rice

277
00:16:45.702 --> 00:16:49.815
So go ahead and enjoy it

278
00:16:49.815 --> 00:16:54.166
Now, here’s where people 
often get it wrong with coffee

279
00:16:54.166 --> 00:16:58.146
Like I mentioned, 
the carcinogen acrylamide is

280
00:16:58.146 --> 00:17:02.386
currently classified as 
Group 2A by the WHO

281
00:17:02.386 --> 00:17:04.994
What does 2A mean?

282
00:17:04.994 --> 00:17:10.373
It’s been proven to 
cause cancer in animals,

283
00:17:10.373 --> 00:17:13.783
but studies on humans are still ongoing

284
00:17:13.783 --> 00:17:19.872
Group 1 substances are confirmed 
carcinogens for both animals and humans

285
00:17:19.872 --> 00:17:24.359
So, while acrylamide is proven 
to be a carcinogen in animals,

286
00:17:24.359 --> 00:17:29.859
it’s still being studied in humans

287
00:17:29.859 --> 00:17:33.859
So, some people think it's okay 
to consume since it's only Group 2A

288
00:17:33.859 --> 00:17:36.066
But that’s not true

289
00:17:36.066 --> 00:17:40.180
If science has shown 
cancer risk in animals

290
00:17:40.180 --> 00:17:41.340
that’s a warning sign

291
00:17:41.340 --> 00:17:42.090
That means,

292
00:17:42.090 --> 00:17:49.086
it’s best to eat less

293
00:17:49.086 --> 00:17:52.950
And speaking of roasting,

294
00:17:52.950 --> 00:17:56.406
coffee shops often go for dark roasts,

295
00:17:56.406 --> 00:17:58.426
where beans are roasted longer

296
00:17:58.426 --> 00:18:00.691
Have you ever heard that

297
00:18:00.691 --> 00:18:03.866
sesame oil and perilla oil 
can contain carcinogens?

298
00:18:03.866 --> 00:18:05.671
Haven't you heard about this?

299
00:18:05.671 --> 00:18:08.406
Sesame oil and perilla oil 
both can contain carcinogens

300
00:18:08.406 --> 00:18:14.406
when they are roasted

301
00:18:14.406 --> 00:18:17.806
Traditionally, how did we roast 
sesame and perilla seeds?

302
00:18:17.806 --> 00:18:19.566
We roasted them strongly

303
00:18:19.566 --> 00:18:24.686
Why? Because that's how you get
a richer aroma and more oil out of them

304
00:18:24.686 --> 00:18:29.639
Grandmas would take 
their homegrown seeds

305
00:18:29.639 --> 00:18:37.327
to the local oil mill in plastic bags

306
00:18:37.327 --> 00:18:43.679
The owners knew the more you roast,

307
00:18:43.679 --> 00:18:47.903
the better the smell 
and the more oil you get

308
00:18:47.903 --> 00:18:49.859
So, oil mills everywhere

309
00:18:49.859 --> 00:18:52.692
roast them like that

310
00:18:52.692 --> 00:18:56.107
for more flavor and a stronger aroma

311
00:18:56.107 --> 00:18:59.807
Let’s say an oil shop owner 
tries to give healthier one

312
00:18:59.807 --> 00:19:04.517
by roasting sesame seeds lightly, 
which means less aroma and less oil

313
00:19:04.517 --> 00:19:06.307
Then customers start complaining,

314
00:19:06.307 --> 00:19:08.923
"Where’s the rest of the oil?"

315
00:19:08.923 --> 00:19:11.467
"Other places give me a full bottle, "

316
00:19:11.467 --> 00:19:16.327
"why do I only get half here?"

317
00:19:16.327 --> 00:19:18.427
But here’s the deal

318
00:19:18.427 --> 00:19:24.027
The more you roast sesame 
or perilla seeds, the more carcinogens,

319
00:19:24.027 --> 00:19:29.039
specifically benzopyrene, are produced
This is a Group 1 carcinogen

320
00:19:29.039 --> 00:19:30.807
It is a powerful one

321
00:19:30.807 --> 00:19:31.859
It's a strong carcinogen

322
00:19:31.859 --> 00:19:37.867
That’s why worldwide, 
all sesame oil, perilla oil,

323
00:19:37.867 --> 00:19:42.859
soybean oil, olive oil, 
every type of oil is tested

324
00:19:42.859 --> 00:19:50.404
If two micrograms of benzopyrene per kg 
is found, it's immediately discarded,

325
00:19:50.404 --> 00:19:51.701
banned for sale

326
00:19:51.701 --> 00:19:53.884
Strict regulations are in place

327
00:19:53.884 --> 00:19:55.647
because benzopyrene is

328
00:19:55.647 --> 00:19:57.859
a Group 1 carcinogen,

329
00:19:57.859 --> 00:20:00.987
meaning it’s a confirmed cancer risk

330
00:20:00.987 --> 00:20:03.710
So, it's strictly regulated

331
00:20:03.710 --> 00:20:08.247
Why do people say to not eat burnt meat?

332
00:20:08.247 --> 00:20:11.597
That’s because of benzopyrene

333
00:20:11.597 --> 00:20:14.327
That black color on 
charred meat is full of it

334
00:20:14.327 --> 00:20:18.159
So, eating blackened meat isn’t good

335
00:20:18.159 --> 00:20:20.290
Now, you might be thinking,

336
00:20:20.290 --> 00:20:25.320
“But I’ve eaten a lot of 
burnt meat, and I’m fine!”

337
00:20:25.320 --> 00:20:31.790
That’s because, thankfully, 
God designed our immune system

338
00:20:31.790 --> 00:20:37.649
to handle a certain amount of carcinogens

339
00:20:37.649 --> 00:20:40.860
But if someone’s lifestyle

340
00:20:40.860 --> 00:20:44.167
or diet weakens their immune system,

341
00:20:44.167 --> 00:20:48.887
the day their immunity dips

342
00:20:48.887 --> 00:20:50.487
and they eat a piece of burnt meat,

343
00:20:50.487 --> 00:20:57.780
that’s when it can become a problem

344
00:20:57.780 --> 00:21:05.470
Similarly, when coffee beans 
are roasted too dark,

345
00:21:05.470 --> 00:21:06.980
the beans get a shiny, oily surface

346
00:21:06.980 --> 00:21:08.130
Leave them like that for too long,

347
00:21:08.130 --> 00:21:11.527
and that same benzopyrene 
carcinogen can start forming

348
00:21:11.527 --> 00:21:15.727
That’s why nowadays, 
there’s a lot of testing

349
00:21:15.727 --> 00:21:18.677
on dark roast coffee for benzopyrene

350
00:21:18.677 --> 00:21:24.270
But still, there’s no official standard

351
00:21:24.270 --> 00:21:26.749
for coffee yet,

352
00:21:26.749 --> 00:21:30.110
they’re using standards from 
sesame and perilla oils to test it

353
00:21:30.110 --> 00:21:38.180
Some coffees pass with no issues, 
while others show concerning levels

354
00:21:38.180 --> 00:21:42.948
So, during the last 5-6 years,

355
00:21:42.948 --> 00:21:45.348
people have been wanting 
light-roasted coffee

356
00:21:45.348 --> 00:21:47.888
People are saying coffee should be light,

357
00:21:47.888 --> 00:21:50.788
have a fruity or floral taste

358
00:21:50.788 --> 00:21:54.330
That’s where the whole 
specialty coffee thing comes in,

359
00:21:54.330 --> 00:21:59.408
with a shift from dark to light roast

360
00:21:59.408 --> 00:22:04.560
But here’s the catch, 
that carcinogen, acrylamide,

361
00:22:04.560 --> 00:22:07.968
actually shows up more in light roasts

362
00:22:07.968 --> 00:22:11.139
Yes, it’s mostly in light-roasted coffee

363
00:22:11.139 --> 00:22:14.348
They are wrong about coffee

364
00:22:14.348 --> 00:22:19.980
If you go dark roast, 
there’s a risk of getting benzopyrene

365
00:22:19.980 --> 00:22:23.630
but if you go light roast to get

366
00:22:23.630 --> 00:22:26.648
that fruity, floral flavor,

367
00:22:26.648 --> 00:22:29.368
you’re getting more acrylamide

368
00:22:29.368 --> 00:22:34.393
Basically, Koreans are drinking 
coffee at both extremes

369
00:22:34.393 --> 00:22:35.943
I'm telling you this again

370
00:22:35.943 --> 00:22:41.808
Don’t let this make you freak out 
in the morning over your cup of coffee

371
00:22:41.808 --> 00:22:44.588
A cup or two isn’t an issue

372
00:22:44.588 --> 00:22:52.300
This is more of a heads-up for people 
who drink a lot of coffee long-term

373
00:22:52.300 --> 00:22:54.940
It's just good to know

374
00:22:54.940 --> 00:22:59.088
And now, things have 
moved a step further

375
00:22:59.088 --> 00:23:05.368
With concerns growing, Korea’s MFDS 
couldn’t ignore this anymore

376
00:23:05.368 --> 00:23:11.308
So, on October 15, 2020, 
they announced that,

377
00:23:11.308 --> 00:23:16.940
starting January 1, 2021,
new limits would be set

378
00:23:16.940 --> 00:23:24.548
0.3 mg/kg for infant cereals,

379
00:23:24.548 --> 00:23:28.660
0.8 mg/kg for coffee,

380
00:23:28.660 --> 00:23:37.699
and 1.0 mg/kg for fried potato products

381
00:23:37.699 --> 00:23:39.648
Now, of course,

382
00:23:39.648 --> 00:23:44.328
with COVID, many cafes have been
struggling to stay open, right?

383
00:23:44.328 --> 00:23:47.468
But the MFDS had no choice 
but to announce these rules

384
00:23:47.468 --> 00:23:49.702
because of the rising consumption levels

385
00:23:49.702 --> 00:23:52.179
Especially for kids who eat

386
00:23:52.179 --> 00:23:55.748
a lot of cereal and fries

387
00:23:55.748 --> 00:24:00.628
So, even though the MFDS understands 
the hardships of cafes and restaurants

388
00:24:00.628 --> 00:24:02.339
they still made the announcement

389
00:24:02.339 --> 00:24:04.370
And actually,

390
00:24:04.370 --> 00:24:09.968
these limits are set pretty high

391
00:24:09.968 --> 00:24:14.368
compared to Europe, about double, in fact

392
00:24:14.368 --> 00:24:17.936
So, they tried to be lenient,

393
00:24:17.936 --> 00:24:22.588
but something had to be done

394
00:24:22.588 --> 00:24:27.288
My lectures aren’t about scaring you

395
00:24:27.288 --> 00:24:28.043
I only give talks

396
00:24:28.043 --> 00:24:30.468
when there are actual solutions

397
00:24:30.468 --> 00:24:35.339
If I didn’t have any 
alternatives for things like

398
00:24:35.339 --> 00:24:36.889
coffee, pepper, or fries,

399
00:24:36.889 --> 00:24:40.140
it would just be a scare session, right?

400
00:24:40.140 --> 00:24:46.820
So now, let’s dive into a lecture 
where we talk about real options

401
00:24:46.820 --> 00:24:50.500
But here’s the tricky part

402
00:24:50.500 --> 00:24:56.309
When I give a lecture about coffee,

403
00:24:56.309 --> 00:25:01.249
it’s a bit sensitive because 
the coffee industry here is huge

404
00:25:01.249 --> 00:25:07.859
They’ve built their own niche,

405
00:25:07.859 --> 00:25:10.389
their own storytelling for customers,

406
00:25:10.389 --> 00:25:15.380
mostly focused on taste and aroma

407
00:25:15.380 --> 00:25:20.500
So, when we start talking about health, 
it makes them a bit uncomfortable

408
00:25:20.500 --> 00:25:23.820
They wonder how customers will react

409
00:25:23.820 --> 00:25:26.779
But change needs to happen

410
00:25:26.779 --> 00:25:29.529
If there’s a way to adjust things

411
00:25:29.529 --> 00:25:35.459
so customers can enjoy 
coffee that’s flavorful

412
00:25:35.459 --> 00:25:39.899
and healthier, that’s the way to go

413
00:25:39.899 --> 00:25:43.129
It’s not like we can just say, 
“Oh, we didn’t know before,"

414
00:25:43.129 --> 00:25:44.100
"so let's ignore it"

415
00:25:44.100 --> 00:25:47.289
"and keep going." We are past that point

416
00:25:47.289 --> 00:25:50.220
So, how do we reduce them?

417
00:25:50.220 --> 00:25:52.540
This isn’t just my own idea,

418
00:25:52.540 --> 00:25:55.100
you can find tons of research online

419
00:25:55.100 --> 00:25:58.870
about acrylamide reduction methods

420
00:25:58.870 --> 00:26:00.459
Globally,

421
00:26:00.459 --> 00:26:02.969
not only in Korea,

422
00:26:02.969 --> 00:26:06.179
there has been massive 
investment and effort

423
00:26:06.179 --> 00:26:09.220
put into finding ways to 
lower acrylamide levels

424
00:26:09.220 --> 00:26:10.980
and everyone is trying to make a change

425
00:26:10.980 --> 00:26:14.299
But here in Korea, we’ve been

426
00:26:14.299 --> 00:26:17.339
a bit slow to catch up

427
00:26:17.339 --> 00:26:23.140
I’ve mentioned this a few times 
on public broadcasts,

428
00:26:23.140 --> 00:26:26.019
but moving forward,

429
00:26:26.019 --> 00:26:31.739
I’ll keep pushing to shift toward
healthier food options that fit our times

430
00:26:31.739 --> 00:26:34.019
Alright, so let’s talk about solutions

431
00:26:34.019 --> 00:26:36.140
First up, coffee

432
00:26:36.140 --> 00:26:38.220
When does coffee produce carcinogens?

433
00:26:38.220 --> 00:26:40.100
During roasting

434
00:26:40.100 --> 00:26:44.739
So, is there a way to roast coffee 
without creating carcinogens?

435
00:26:44.739 --> 00:26:48.260
From my research, the answer is yes

436
00:26:48.260 --> 00:26:49.420
There is a way

437
00:26:49.420 --> 00:26:55.859
I shared this with lots of coffee experts,
but no one really followed through

438
00:26:55.859 --> 00:26:58.140
So, I spent

439
00:26:58.140 --> 00:27:01.940
millions of won to buy a roaster myself

440
00:27:01.940 --> 00:27:04.859
I tested different roasting methods

441
00:27:04.859 --> 00:27:07.309
and analyzed the results in my lab,

442
00:27:07.309 --> 00:27:09.380
and it turns out

443
00:27:09.380 --> 00:27:19.179
it’s entirely possible to make coffee 
with almost no carcinogens

444
00:27:19.179 --> 00:27:22.059
I’ve even filed a patent for this method

445
00:27:22.059 --> 00:27:23.179
If any businesses

446
00:27:23.179 --> 00:27:26.619
are interested

447
00:27:26.619 --> 00:27:32.179
in making healthier coffee for consumers,

448
00:27:32.179 --> 00:27:36.170
I’m open to collaborating

449
00:27:36.170 --> 00:27:39.899
without pushing hard on patent rights

450
00:27:39.899 --> 00:27:43.820
This is something experts 
can absolutely solve

451
00:27:43.820 --> 00:27:45.380
But now,

452
00:27:45.380 --> 00:27:47.380
they just do not want to

453
00:27:47.380 --> 00:27:49.299
Why?

454
00:27:49.299 --> 00:27:53.899
They feel uneasy about how 
coffee drinkers will think about this

455
00:27:53.899 --> 00:27:56.510
It’s natural to wonder, 
"Was the coffee I drank yesterday okay?"

456
00:27:56.510 --> 00:27:58.500
There’s no easy answer to that,

457
00:27:58.500 --> 00:27:59.859
and that’s what makes this a bit tricky

458
00:27:59.859 --> 00:28:04.100
But even so, this is something 
we need to keep working on and improving

459
00:28:04.100 --> 00:28:06.859
Now, let’s talk about French fries

460
00:28:06.859 --> 00:28:08.500
Which country do you think

461
00:28:08.500 --> 00:28:12.540
has done the most research on fries?

462
00:28:12.540 --> 00:28:13.579
The United States

463
00:28:13.579 --> 00:28:14.260
Why?

464
00:28:14.260 --> 00:28:18.100
Because fries always come with hamburgers

465
00:28:18.100 --> 00:28:19.299
You know, the french fries

466
00:28:19.299 --> 00:28:21.859
The one which is chopped

467
00:28:21.859 --> 00:28:25.299
and curved potato chips

468
00:28:25.299 --> 00:28:28.739
are products of America

469
00:28:28.739 --> 00:28:32.310
But eating french fries with a hamburger

470
00:28:32.310 --> 00:28:35.979
is normal in the U.S. and Europe

471
00:28:35.979 --> 00:28:41.539
But back in 2002, Sweden found that 
fries contain high levels of carcinogens

472
00:28:41.539 --> 00:28:45.239
Since then, hundreds of studies 
from chemists and food scientists

473
00:28:45.239 --> 00:28:48.900
have been published

474
00:28:48.900 --> 00:28:52.419
on ways to minimize carcinogens

475
00:28:52.419 --> 00:28:55.419
when frying potatoes,

476
00:28:55.419 --> 00:28:58.059
whether with an air fryer or in oil

477
00:28:58.059 --> 00:29:03.260
Here's three key methods
to reduce those carcinogens

478
00:29:03.260 --> 00:29:07.500
First, don’t use frozen potatoes

479
00:29:07.500 --> 00:29:11.500
Freezing increases 
the concentration of reducing sugars,

480
00:29:11.500 --> 00:29:14.219
which leads to higher 
acrylamide levels when frying

481
00:29:14.219 --> 00:29:16.299
Not using frozen potatoes

482
00:29:16.299 --> 00:29:18.059
can be done at home

483
00:29:18.059 --> 00:29:21.700
So, instead of grabbing a bag of 
frozen fries for convenience,

484
00:29:21.700 --> 00:29:24.340
try cutting fresh potatoes at home

485
00:29:24.340 --> 00:29:29.780
If you can’t get that fry shape, 
round slices work just fine

486
00:29:29.780 --> 00:29:32.020
Remember, do not use frozen potatoes

487
00:29:32.020 --> 00:29:37.219
Second, after slicing 
the potatoes, wash them

488
00:29:37.219 --> 00:29:38.739
but not just with water

489
00:29:38.739 --> 00:29:40.859
Use water with a bit of diluted vinegar

490
00:29:40.859 --> 00:29:48.219
This lower pH helps reduce
acrylamide formation

491
00:29:48.219 --> 00:29:53.859
You can also add a pinch of 
salt to the vinegar water

492
00:29:53.859 --> 00:29:56.820
Potatoes washed in

493
00:29:56.820 --> 00:29:59.769
this vinegar-salt solution

494
00:29:59.769 --> 00:30:03.419
tend to have much lower acrylamide levels

495
00:30:03.419 --> 00:30:05.739
Alos, a lower temperatue

496
00:30:05.739 --> 00:30:09.900
I know it’s tempting to increase

497
00:30:09.900 --> 00:30:13.020
the heat to fry them faster,

498
00:30:13.020 --> 00:30:16.770
but cooking at high temperature to get 
that deep brown color isn’t necessary

499
00:30:16.770 --> 00:30:19.870
Aim for a lighter golden brown

500
00:30:19.870 --> 00:30:24.340
Even if it is not super crispy, 
it's enough for the kids to enjoy

501
00:30:24.340 --> 00:30:26.900
By frying at a lower temperature 
for a bit longer,

502
00:30:26.900 --> 00:30:31.580
you can really cut down on 
carcinogens in French fries

503
00:30:31.580 --> 00:30:34.820
This is backed by significant research

504
00:30:34.820 --> 00:30:42.340
Dozens of studies published 
in high-impact journals like SCI

505
00:30:42.340 --> 00:30:44.460
Pepper

506
00:30:44.460 --> 00:30:49.780
Koreans usually add pepper in two ways

507
00:30:49.780 --> 00:30:52.179
First, when they marinate meat

508
00:30:52.179 --> 00:30:57.619
They marinate meat with pepper and onions

509
00:30:57.619 --> 00:31:02.900
Second, they sprinkle pepper 
when grilling meat

510
00:31:02.900 --> 00:31:07.020
This is how they usually have pepper

511
00:31:07.020 --> 00:31:13.739
But how do people abroad 
typically add pepper to meat?

512
00:31:13.739 --> 00:31:16.419
They wait until the meat is fully cooked

513
00:31:16.419 --> 00:31:21.460
and add freshly 
ground pepper at the table

514
00:31:21.460 --> 00:31:23.820
Right?

515
00:31:23.820 --> 00:31:30.099
Here’s why this matters

516
00:31:30.099 --> 00:31:33.260
The pepper we buy has already been roasted

517
00:31:33.260 --> 00:31:36.979
When pepper is exposed to high heat,

518
00:31:36.979 --> 00:31:40.020
carcinogens can form

519
00:31:40.020 --> 00:31:44.059
So, the rule of thumb is

520
00:31:44.059 --> 00:31:47.500
to add pepper at the table

521
00:31:47.500 --> 00:31:49.419
When?

522
00:31:49.419 --> 00:31:50.900
Right before you eat

523
00:31:50.900 --> 00:31:55.219
Always season with pepper 
at the table, not while cooking

524
00:31:55.219 --> 00:32:00.460
We ran these experiments ourselves 
with the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety

525
00:32:00.460 --> 00:32:03.780
When we tested pepper

526
00:32:03.780 --> 00:32:05.099
that was added before

527
00:32:05.099 --> 00:32:07.140
or during cooking,

528
00:32:07.140 --> 00:32:10.099
we found a significant increase

529
00:32:10.099 --> 00:32:13.340
 in carcinogens

530
00:32:13.340 --> 00:32:15.380
So, how should you use pepper?

531
00:32:15.380 --> 00:32:21.140
Add it at the table after the meat 
is cooked, and enjoy it safely

532
00:32:21.140 --> 00:32:22.299
Got it?

533
00:32:22.299 --> 00:32:26.219
That’s the solution here

534
00:32:26.219 --> 00:32:27.500
Here's a question

535
00:32:27.500 --> 00:32:32.659
I usually skip breakfast 
but need my coffee

536
00:32:32.659 --> 00:32:35.539
to wake up and start the day

537
00:32:35.539 --> 00:32:40.020
I also have 2-3 more cups 
in the afternoon,

538
00:32:40.020 --> 00:32:45.659
but I'm worried about too much caffeine, 
so I’m thinking of switching to decaf

539
00:32:45.659 --> 00:32:51.619
Wouldn’t it be fine 
to drink a lot of decaf?

540
00:32:51.619 --> 00:32:55.859
You might already sense the answer,
it’s not ideal.

541
00:32:55.859 --> 00:32:59.059
Decaf still has some caffeine,

542
00:32:59.059 --> 00:33:05.340
and caffeine itself is a stimulant

543
00:33:05.340 --> 00:33:07.739
The main issue?

544
00:33:07.739 --> 00:33:09.580
When you’re tired,

545
00:33:09.580 --> 00:33:12.780
caffeine doesn’t actually 
relieve your fatigue

546
00:33:12.780 --> 00:33:16.940
instead, it tricks 
your brain into thinking

547
00:33:16.940 --> 00:33:18.059
you're not tired

548
00:33:18.059 --> 00:33:22.820
So if you keep drinking 
coffee while exhausted,

549
00:33:22.820 --> 00:33:25.179
it catches up with you physically

550
00:33:25.179 --> 00:33:26.572
Right?

551
00:33:26.572 --> 00:33:30.020
That fatigue and body aches?

552
00:33:30.020 --> 00:33:31.419
That’s your body telling you to rest,

553
00:33:31.419 --> 00:33:34.940
but we keep reaching for coffee

554
00:33:34.940 --> 00:33:40.460
to push through

555
00:33:40.460 --> 00:33:42.460
So, caffeine is a stimulant,

556
00:33:42.460 --> 00:33:47.952
but it doesn’t actually relieve fatigue,
it just makes you forget you’re tired

557
00:33:47.952 --> 00:33:52.179
Over time, that hidden fatigue builds up 
and can lead to health issues

558
00:33:52.179 --> 00:33:56.500
Generally, it’s recommended to keep 
caffeine intake around 400 mg per day,

559
00:33:56.500 --> 00:34:01.299
with a typical coffee cup 
containing about 100–150 mg

560
00:34:01.299 --> 00:34:04.580
This means that 2-3 cups a day is the max

561
00:34:04.580 --> 00:34:08.260
if you're looking to stay within 
the recommended caffeine levels

562
00:34:08.260 --> 00:34:10.219
Going beyond that can lead to issues like

563
00:34:10.219 --> 00:34:13.340
having trouble sleeping,

564
00:34:13.340 --> 00:34:14.500
and others

565
00:34:14.500 --> 00:34:17.299
And caffeine is also addictive

566
00:34:17.299 --> 00:34:20.419
So, it's not good to drink too much coffee

567
00:34:20.419 --> 00:34:24.059
So people wanted to take 
the caffeine out of coffee

568
00:34:24.059 --> 00:34:26.179
which is how decaffeine was made

569
00:34:26.179 --> 00:34:31.739
In the past, caffeine was removed 
using harsh chemical methods,

570
00:34:31.739 --> 00:34:36.940
which caused other health concerns

571
00:34:36.940 --> 00:34:40.539
Now, caffeine is extracted more safely

572
00:34:40.539 --> 00:34:43.619
but it’s still not 100% caffeine-free

573
00:34:43.619 --> 00:34:49.332
Decaffeine doesn't mean it has 
all of the caffeine extracted

574
00:34:49.332 --> 00:34:53.979
It just means it has less caffeine

575
00:34:53.979 --> 00:34:56.820
so it’s best not to overconsume it

576
00:34:59.900 --> 00:35:02.940
I usually drink green or 
black tea instead of coffee

577
00:35:02.940 --> 00:35:06.659
I’ve heard that tea is a better option
even though it also includes caffeine

578
00:35:06.659 --> 00:35:10.460
Is there a difference between 
the caffeine in tea and coffee?

579
00:35:10.460 --> 00:35:13.140
Caffeine is caffeine

580
00:35:13.140 --> 00:35:16.460
It’s the same in both coffee and tea

581
00:35:16.460 --> 00:35:17.940
But tea has

582
00:35:17.940 --> 00:35:24.659
additional beneficial compounds, 
like catechins,

583
00:35:24.659 --> 00:35:30.109
So, while tea does have caffeine,

584
00:35:30.109 --> 00:35:32.900
those extra compounds make it 
a bit gentler on the system

585
00:35:32.900 --> 00:35:36.140
But at the end of the day, 
caffeine is still caffeine

586
00:35:36.140 --> 00:35:40.900
So enjoy tea as you would coffee

587
00:35:40.900 --> 00:35:43.612
Given the nature of my job, 
I often have to work late into the night

588
00:35:43.612 --> 00:35:49.419
My colleague has energy drinks, 
saying they help him stay awake

589
00:35:49.419 --> 00:35:52.580
I’ve heard students rely on these, too

590
00:35:52.580 --> 00:35:54.432
What effect do they have on health?

591
00:35:54.432 --> 00:35:58.539
I actually answered this earlier

592
00:35:58.539 --> 00:36:02.539
What's the best thing to do when 
your job requires night shifts?

593
00:36:02.539 --> 00:36:05.619
Rest should be the top priority

594
00:36:05.619 --> 00:36:07.952
Those drinks don’t 
actually restore energy

595
00:36:07.952 --> 00:36:13.460
They just create the illusion of recovery, 
letting fatigue pile up over time

596
00:36:13.460 --> 00:36:16.780
With that, I’ll wrap up my lecture

597
00:36:16.780 --> 00:36:18.900
I hope you stay healthy