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Chapter 2 explains the basic virtues

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As in basic virtues,

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he uses the term ‘Cardinal Virtues'

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Here, ‘Cardinal’ does not
mean a Catholic ‘Cardinal’

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but rather something fundamental

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These virtues are the core moral
capacities God has given humanity

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Despite human fallenness due to sin,

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these virtues remain

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within even fallen humanity,

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under God’s common grace

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Of the seven virtues,

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(Prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude)
he explained the four 'Cardinal'

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(Faith, hope, and love)
and three 'Theological'

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The theological virtues
refer to the three virtues

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experienced by
born-again Christians,

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by the power of the Holy Spirit
and the blood of Jesus Christ

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These are faith, hope, and love

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In Chapter 2, Lewis focuses on

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the four fundamental virtues

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out of the seven

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The first virtue in the chapter

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is called prudence

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Prudence is

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an essential judgment for living

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as a human being, or
practical common sense

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So it is a practical common sense

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Prudence for humans

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is to foresee

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the consequences of one’s actions

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This is prudence as
a practical common sense

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Jesus’s instruction
to become like children

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refers to a pure-hearted state,

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not to a reckless action of a chile

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without moral discernment or foresight

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Growth in the discernment, or prudence

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that God grants us

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is one of His great blessings to humanity

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While prudence is

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not exclusive to Christians,

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history shows that believers

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who receive the grace of Jesus Christ

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and are reborn by the blood of His cross

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experience a deeper,

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maturing prudence as time passes

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Comparing the prudence of believers

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with non-believers reveals

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that faith brings an enriched discernment

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Therefore, true belief in Jesus itself

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can be seen as an education

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The second moral aspect is temperance,

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which is the quality of moderation

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This does not mean complete abstinence

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practicing moderation
and staying within limits

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It aligns with the ‘self-control’

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as a fruit of the Spirit

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Importantly, temperance does not mean

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imposing our abstentions on others

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As we enjoy various aspects of life,

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like sports, movies, and
other forms of entertainment,

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it’s essential to maintain moderation

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Lewis emphasizes that

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temperance is not about living

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in complete isolation from culture

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Since he himself was

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a writer of literature

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and many fairy tales,

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he argues that viewing

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cultural activities such as theatre

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as sinful is misguided

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It’s the content that matters,

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not rejecting culture itself,

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which is not what temperance is about

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In this area, C.S. Lewis’s stance

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on alcohol may be controversial

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among Korean Christians

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Lewis advocates for moderate drinking

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rather than complete abstinence,

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which may differ from
a biblical viewpoint

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Considering the Bible as a whole,

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there are more commands
encouraging abstinence

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Jesus turning water into wine

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does not justify drinking

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In the New Testament era,

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wine served as a key beverage

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due to scarce clean water

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in Jesus' time

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Today, with less need for alcohol

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with ample access to clean water,

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interpreting Scripture’s overall context

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suggests a stronger command
toward abstinence

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Thus, while C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien,

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and other writers enjoyed
conversations over drinks in pubs,

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applying their cultural approach

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of moderation, rather than abstinence,

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directly to today’s context

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may be challenging

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Is moderate drinking truly feasible?

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Unless for medicinal purposes

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or specific health issues,

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frequent or habitual drinking

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often leads to alcoholism

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or serious health risks

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This lacks proper prudence

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Therefore, this area

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requires careful and prudence on our part

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The third cardinal virtue is justice

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This differs from legal justice

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(Encompasses more than legal justice)
A ‘not guilty’ verdict in court

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(Includes what we call fairness today)
is not always an actual innocence

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Justice does not only refer

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to those convicted and
sentenced to prison

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Many injustices occur

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even if one is acquitted in court

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Here, justice includes

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honesty, fairness, integrity, and
faithfulness in keeping promises,

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qualities essential to our live

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God is righteous,

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honest, faithful, and trustworthy

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When our lives reflect such justice,

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we can truly say we are
made in ‘the image of God'

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The fourth virtue is fortitude,

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meaning resilience or steadfastness

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It is courage in pain,

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or courage in adversity

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It is also the courage

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to overcome adversity

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It is the strength to endure

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and overcome hardship

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as well as adversity

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Let's go over the four again

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First, prudence

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Second, temperance

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Third, justice

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And fourth, fortitude

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It is the courage to persevere through hardship

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These are fundamental virtues

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present in all humanity,

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even in those not reborn
through Jesus Christ

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So these are virtues of humans

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Let us remember Lewis' point,

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that in those transformed
by the Holy Spirit

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through Jesus Christ, these moral virtues

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can mature to an even greater degree

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Lewis emphasizes that possessing these

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moral virtues or traits is

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not a requirement for entering

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the eternal Kingdom of God

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What Lewis means is,

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If these qualities are

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not cultivated and ingrained within,

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we will never

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truly find happiness, even if we receive

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all God’s blessings on this earth

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Even if God allows a taste

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of heaven on earth, we would
be unable to fully enjoy it

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We would be unable to experience
happiness, despite the circumstance

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Ultimately, humans must be deeply moral

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to enjoy the happiness

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True happiness from God is

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only attainable when humans live

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according to the purpose
for which God created them

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Mere Christianity Book 3
Christian Behavior

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Chapter 3 Social Morality

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Chapter 3 is about social morality

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Among the seven fundamental virtues,

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faith, hope, and love

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will be featured in later chapters

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This chapter is about social morality

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because for the three parts of morality,

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many people are immersed and interested

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in the interpersonal relationship

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That's why Lewis dedicates a chapter

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to talk about social morality

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The key to social morality

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is The Golden Rule

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As Jesus said in the Sermon on the Mount,

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‘So whatever you wish
that others would do to you,

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do also to them, for this is
the Law and the Prophets’ [Matt. 7:12]

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This is the Biblical Golden Rule

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Meaning, all parts of morality

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is condensed in this one verse

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Do what you wish others

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would do to you

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(The Golden Rule)
It puts one in others' shoes,

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assessing oneself in their stance

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Also, doing what one wishes to receive

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from the other

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completes social morality
as Jesus has taught us

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This does not only resolve problems

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in all interpersonal relationships,

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but also restores into
the right relationships

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Jesus did not talk about a new morality

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or a new order

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It is rather Jesus reminding us

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the moral principle that
has been there in history

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The Golden Rule has appeared
in the OldTestament,

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in Deuteronomy and
other historical contexts,

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and this is a foundational principle

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underlying God’s laws

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In terms of social morality,

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Lewis discusses the relationship
between church and the world

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He critically examines the idea that

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the Church should lead the world

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Whether it is true depends on

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the intended meaning behind the statement

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For it to be true,

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The Church should lead
the world by Christians

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fulfilling their proper roles
in all areas of the society,

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economic, social, and cultural,
as practical examples

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of Christ in action

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When the Church (or clergy)
becomes politicized

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and tries to lead the world
through political agendas,

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then it is misguided

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Lewis comments on clergies,

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Pastors are not called to
advance political agendas

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they are set apart to care for matters

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essential to humanity as eternal beings

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Perhaps it was what
happened in Lewis' time,

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but Lewis disagrees that clergies

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leading political programs

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or saying political agendas
is necessarily leading the world

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Abraham Kuyper of the Netherlands,
though he served as Prime Minister

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and entered politics as
a Member of Parliament,

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not as a pastor anymore

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but to lead the world as a politician

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When he was no longer Prime Minister,

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the Dutch Reformed Church

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invited him to return as a pastor

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He declined,

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not out of disregard
for the pastoral role,

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but because he was committed

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to making a difference as a politician

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This was not from political ambition,

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but in response to a practical need

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He was a great politician,

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better than any pastors

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Thus, leading society
through pastors presenting

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 political programs is
not the Church’s role

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Instead, skilled and capable
Christians in various fields,

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in economics, society, culture,

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education, and more

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This is how the Church leads the world

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Finally, he outlines
what he believes to be

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the most Christian vision for society

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Let me read some quotes

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The Christian vision he proposes is

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a society where ‘those who
do not work do not eat’

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This is a biblical view of labor

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'The society refrains from excessive
luxuries and advertising,

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and there is no place for arrogance or vanity,

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and instead people respect and 
obey duly appointed officials'

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'It is a place filled with song and joy,

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where worry and anxiety
are seen as evils to be avoided'

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A healthy Christian society
is not marked by gloom or sorrow

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but rather by joy and celebration,

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living a life that embraces festivity

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Economically,

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't is a society where loans
are given without interest'

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A society rife with usury

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and people burdened by
excessive interest rates

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is not a Christian society

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Finally, he emphasizes charity,

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underscoring the importance
of compassion and sharing

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For charity,

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It must be a society 'that gives
a little beyond what is comfortable,'

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offering more than it readily can'

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And he writes a sharp insight

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'If charitable giving never strains or limits

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the household budget, then
one is likely giving too little'

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'There should be things you wish to do

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but can’t due to charity'

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True charity isn’t simply
giving what’s left

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after doing everything you wish to do

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There should be things you can't do

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due to charity in this Christian society

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Thus, he presents a vision of a society

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embodying true social morality,

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grounded in the 'Golden Rule'
found in Matthew 7:12

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In the Old Testament,

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this aligns with the society
fitting the moral laws

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that God provided in the law
as shown in Deuteronomy

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Even in those who do not
believe in Jesus Christ,

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such traits are evident in humanity,

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created in God’s image

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For those transformed in
Jesus Christ, restoration comes

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even more swiftly,

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revealing something more beautiful,

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such as a more moral society

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This is why

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we need the grace of the gospel

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This is the approach Lewis takes

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Chapter 2 The Cardinal Virtues

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1. Seven virtues
1) Cardinal: Prudence, Temperance,
Justice, Fortitude

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2) Theological: Faith, Hope, Love

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2. Four Cardinal Virtues

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1) Prudence: Practical wisdom

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2) Temperance: Not abstinence,

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but moderation

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3) Justice: More than legal justice

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4) Fortitude: Courage against danger

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Chapter 3 Social Morality

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1. The Golden Rule [Mat. 7:12]
Being in others' shoes

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2. Church Leads the World?

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 Christian community practicing
the Golden Rule in society

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NOT the church or pastors
presenting political programs

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3. Lewis' Ideal Christian Society?

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1) Those who don’t work don’t eat

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2) Without excessive luxuries
or advertising

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3) Without show-offs or boastful people

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4) With charity a little more than
what’s comfortably affordable