WEBVTT

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Basic Terms of Film and Continuity

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Hello, this is Seokwon Park

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We will learn about layout

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and filmmaking during this time

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The term "layout" might sound a bit unfamiliar

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but you can simply think of it as camera shooting

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First of all, with the transition to 3D animation

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composing and shooting scenes has become almost identical in basic concept

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and direction to shooting something

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with a camera in live-action films

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Therefore, knowing about filmmaking is the same as

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knowing about the layout in animation

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In the case of Pixar

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 the layout setup is done exactly the same way as

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in live-action film shooting

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You may have heard of Shot, Scene, and Sequence before

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A Shot refers to

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a continuous scene filmed in one take from a single camera

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Usually, when the director says "action" and then "cut"

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that makes one shot

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And multiple shots can be composed at a specific location

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And editing those shots together forms the whole

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which is called a scene

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A scene refers to multiple shots edited together to form a cohesive sequence

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and it typically refers to events happening in a specific location or setting

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And a sequence comprises several scenes stitched together to form a larger part of the story in narrative filmmaking

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Usually, when you watch DVDs or similar media

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sequence number one, two

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that's typically what we mean by "sequence" in general terms

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And there's a very important concept in filmmaking

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There's the real world and the screen world

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This might sound unfamiliar, but once you hear it, it's quite simple

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What is the real world?

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It simply refers to the world we live in right now

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Simply put, when we ask how and where movies are filmed

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it's done in the real world

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That's the real world

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Right now, I'm filming in the real world

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I am teaching a class right now

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Then, what would screen world be?

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The screen world is what the audience perceives

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 when scenes filmed in the real world are shown on screen

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It's the world that viewers recognize

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through the screen

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So, what's the difference between the real world and the screen world?

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Let's think about it simply

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Well, to me, in the real world, right directionality is here

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But when people watch the filmed screen

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they might perceive it as left

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So, what that means is that

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the way the real world and the screen world are perceived isn't always the same

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For creators like us, whether making a film or an animation

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which is more important between the real world and the screen world?

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Of course, for filmmakers, the real world is very important because that's where filming takes place and where actual production happens

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And the screen world is crucial because it's what the audience sees and experiences

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But for the audience

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they don't know what the real world is like

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because they only see the screen world

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For example, how do filmmakers use sets in their productions?

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There are actors and a camera crew, but outside of what you see on screen, there are also crews

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That's the real world for them

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But in the screen world, those things aren't visible

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So, as a filmmaker

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what the audience perceives and sees is solely the screen world

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Therefore, the screen world is very important

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As I mentioned earlier

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in the real world, there are directions like north, south, east, and west

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There's the concept of space

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There's east, west, north, and south

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But how about on the screen world?

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The concepts of east, west, north, and south don't exist there

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On screen, there are only right, left, up, and down directions in a typical screen setup

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We can't refer to those as east, west, north, and south on screen

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So, the conclusion is that what the audience perceives is not the real world but the screen world

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Therefore, for creators

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how things appear in the screen world is the most important

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Continuity and everything else are discussed based on the screen world

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Then, what is continuity?

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Think about it for a moment

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Imagine you're watching a feature film

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How many shots do you think would be edited into it?

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How many shots do you think

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would be edited together to create one movie?

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Generally, around 1500 shots are filmed

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which are then edited together to create a feature film

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Think about it

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Each of those shots is filmed

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under different conditions and states

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not necessarily in a sequential order

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For example, think about filming a typical movie

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Typically, filmmakers can shoot only about 3 to 4 shots per day

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In reality

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even if a movie depicts five minutes of continuous time passing

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it doesn't mean it was filmed in just five minutes

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That could take up to a week or even two weeks to film

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When you combine

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these shots together

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the audience perceives it as

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if there is a consistent

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and seamless temporal

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connection

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So, in essence

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movies require viewers to create a fantasy in their minds as they watch

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and this fantasy needs to be maintained throughout the film

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And continuity is the most important factor in

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maintaining and focusing the audience's fantasy throughout the film

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If continuity isn't properly maintained

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viewers might feel a sense of disruption

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 when shots or cuts transition in the movie

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Then viewers might lose concentration

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if they lose concentration

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the imaginative fantasy they're creating while watching the movie

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can be disrupted

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Then they can't watch the movie smoothly

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it becomes disjointed

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Continuity is a very important factor

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in making films

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that keeps the audience focused

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and ensures they remain engaged

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from the beginning to the end of the movie

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So

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there can be various types of continuity

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Temporal continuity, spatial continuity, and directional continuity

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I told you, didn't I?

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In the case of live-action films

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even an event that takes place over just 5 minutes in the story

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can take several days to shoot

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And, of course, the time will inevitably be different each time they shoot

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However, when watching the movie

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it should be made to feel

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like the time is the same

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That's why maintaining temporal continuity is crucial

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This time, I intend to focus my lecture specifically on continuity

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related to spatial and directional aspects

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What about the spatial aspect?

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Even in the same location, things can change continuously

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For example, even if a scene takes place over just 5 minutes in the story

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it could still take a month to film due to various reasons

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So

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each time filming changes

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props and other things might change little by little

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Therefore, when shooting and producing a film

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it's important to accurately maintain

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the positions of props and such

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Geographical background settings and continuity

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between preceding and succeeding shots should be meticulously maintained

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to avoid inconsistencies

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And above all, the most important thing is directional continuity

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Directional continuity in film refers to maintaining consistent movement

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and positioning of characters or objects as they move within the frame

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It involves maintaining consistency in the direction characters or subjects move, whether it's to the right or left

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and this directional consistency must be maintained consistently throughout

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As I mentioned earlier, what's crucial in directional continuity is

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the direction I feel

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and the direction you all see me in

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are different

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To me, right is left for you all

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Therefore, when shooting a film or creating animation

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maintaining directional consistency on screen is more important than

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the directional perspective in any production environment

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First

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let's start by understanding the fundamental concepts and basics

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Have you heard the term "line of action" before?

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In simpler terms, "line of action" can also be referred to as the path of movement

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A person walks down the street

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So, when someone walks down the street, their path of movement becomes a line of action

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In filming, what's crucial for maintaining screen directionality is

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whether something is on the right or left along this line of action

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It's a vital element in ensuring continuity

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in screen directionality

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That line of action is also referred to as the Action Axis, Stage Line

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or the 180 Degree Rule in filmmaking

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The character moves

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There is a line of action as the character moves from left to right

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Now imagine the camera is positioned to the right of that character

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And now, consider the scenario where the camera is positioned to the left of the character

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What is the result on the screen? How is the directionality?

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In the real world

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the character maintains the same direction consistently

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However

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depending on whether the camera is positioned

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to the right or left of the character

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the screen directionality will

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reverse accordingly

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And as I mentioned earlier, which do you think is more important?

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Of course, in the real world, directionality isn't as important as

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what direction is depicted

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on screen is crucial

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When we typically stage

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and create character movement

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When we draw that character's movement as a line

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If you set up the camera on one side

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you need to maintain that setup consistently

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to maintain the camera's directionality consistently

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However, if you switch to the opposite side

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the character's directionality will suddenly reverse

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If

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as shown in the diagram, you transition directionality from 1 to 2

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then in between, a neutral shot

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Therefore, you could insert a neutral shot where directionality isn't perceived

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allowing for a smooth transition from 1 to 2

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This is similar; it's an important case where maintaining the line of action is crucial

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Earlier, we discussed how a line of action occurs when a character moves

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In this case, two characters are facing each other

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If the characters are not moving, how does the line of action occur?

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The line of action occurs as the two people are looking at each other

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If a character is not moving

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the line of action is

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simply the direction

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in which the character is looking

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Here, if you set up the camera on one side

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when drawing the line of action with two characters

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the screen directionality will be maintained

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How does it look when you see shots 1, 2, and 3?

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On the left, character A remains on the left

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and character B continues

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to maintain rightward directionality

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Maintaining screen directionality

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like this means ensuring that when creating such a line of action

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characters do not cross that line

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Let me show you another example of a line of action

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There are two characters, and the line of action is created between their gazes

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And then, the camera setups for shots 1, 2, and 3 can be arranged

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to maintain directionality on one side

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In such cases, how does it look?

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How does the continuity of screen directionality maintain in this scenario?

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Character A is entirely on the left

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and Character B is entirely on the right

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Therefore, this setup maintains a consistent screen directionality

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If we cross the line of action

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like in camera shot 4, what happens then?

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It would

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immediately reverse the positions of characters A and B

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compared to shots 1, 2, and 3

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This effect can occur

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I'm talking about the difference between the real world and the screen world here

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In the real world

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the positions of the two characters haven't changed at any point

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The two characters are still in the exact same position as before

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But what if the camera crosses the line of action

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and films from the opposite side?

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It makes it seem as

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if the two characters have switched places or moved

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That's why, as I mentioned before

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instead of how the staging of characters appears in the real world

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it is crucial how they appear on the screen

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Maintaining the line of action is important to avoid continuity issues and prevent confusion

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Types and Characteristics of Screen Direction

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As I mentioned earlier, screen direction is very simple

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How many types of screen direction do you think there are?

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Strictly speaking

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there are only two directions: right and left

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It's very simple, but it's crucial to adhere to it very well

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So, how it appears in the directionality of your screen

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Do you see the directionality towards the right or towards the left on the screen?

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And this often determines screen directionality

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based on various purposes in storytelling

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There can be various expressions

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in screen direction

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For example, when assembling multiple shots

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there can be a constant screen direction maintained consistently

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Alternatively

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there are cases where inconsistent or contrasting screen direction is

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intentionally used to create a different effect

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And there's also neutral screen direction

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where shots may lack a clear right or left directionality, being more neutral or directionless

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And when editing many shots

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there are times when you may need to change the screen direction

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Because editing with the same screen direction

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throughout can feel very monotonous and boring

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Sometimes

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broken screen direction is intentionally created for such purposes as well

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Let's take a look at each of these aspects one by one

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Constant screen direction is the most commonly used method

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It involves maintaining consistent directionality

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when objects or actors move

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There can be slight changes in angle, either upward or downward

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as the subject moves

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Here, when deciding on directionality

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there are various factors to consider initially

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For example

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think about a character

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climbing a mountain

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However, in movies

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there isn't typically a strong sense of upward or downward directionality in terms of screen direction

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So, the most important thing is whether it's right or left

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Then, if we imagine

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capturing many shots of a character climbing a mountain primarily

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with screen direction towards the right

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What direction would be good to use when coming down from the mountain?

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On the other hand

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if you use screen direction towards the left frequently

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it can create a perception

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where moving right feels like climbing up the mountain

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and moving left feels like coming down the mountain

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So, in fact, when designing a film

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choosing screen direction to the right or left

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 isn't just about maintaining continuity, but rather

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it can be crucially designed

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to express

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 important messages or themes in the movie

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Let's look at an example of typical constant screen direction

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The train is moving to the left

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And how about a prisoner boarding that train?

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The three shots maintain the same directionality

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This is a very common and comfortable

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use of typical screen direction for audiences

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So, what exactly is contrasting screen direction?

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It means

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when a subject has a different directionality compared to what was previously established

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For example

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imagine Character A

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is facing to the right

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while Character B is facing to the left

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it implies a sense that the two characters are on a collision course

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 or in conflict with each other

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Then, in the opposite scenario

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Character A is moving to the left while Character B is moving to the right

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Then it gives the perception that the two characters are moving further apart

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This is one example of contrasting screen direction

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A and B armies have gathered on a barren plain for war

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The screen direction would be opposite for each other

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Therefore, we can clearly perceive that

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the two groups are facing each other and will eventually collide

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This is also similar in concept

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So, Group A should consistently maintain screen direction

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facing to the right

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Group B should consistently maintain screen direction

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 facing to the left as well

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Audiences can imagine the characters' movements consistently and maintain continuity

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This kind of usage can create an expression where

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as earlier, when armies face each other, they are on a collision course

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where one person moves towards the left

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 and the other moves towards the right

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moving in opposite directions

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In that screen direction, audiences would perceive that

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the couple is moving further apart in opposite directions

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That can help us express the feeling of their breakup

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As mentioned earlier, screen direction mainly consists of right and left directionality

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but there's also a neutral screen direction that doesn't lean towards either side

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This refers to a subject moving towards the camera

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or moving away from the camera

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In such cases, there is no right or left directionality

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And this neutral screen direction is sometimes used in the middle

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when changing direction abruptly from left to right or vice versa

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This is an example of its common usage

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A car is gradually driving away into the distance

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This expression is commonly used

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to conclude a scene

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Conversely, when a car is approaching

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this expression is often used at the beginning of a scene

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Changing Screen Direction involves altering the directionality

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within the frame

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It means changing direction from left to right or vice versa within the frame

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But here's an example

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When changing directionality

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for instance, if a character switches direction

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if a character is moving to the right and then switches to the left

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it can create the perception that in the movie

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the character is initially going one way and then suddenly goes the opposite way

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Simply put, it can feel like the character is going somewhere and suddenly turns around to go the other way

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To avoid such misunderstandings

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and smoothly connect movements in the same direction

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placing a shot with neutral directionality in between

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where the character is moving in the same direction

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but the perceived directionality

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changes

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For example, there could be a shot like this, right?

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The characters, two whites and blacks, are facing each other

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For example

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the positions of the two characters

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are switched at 1 and 4

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If you look at positions 1, 2, 3, and 4, they are switched

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This method of changing screen direction can involve

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actors physically moving from left to right

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or vice versa to effect the change

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Or it can also be achieved by moving the camera to change the direction

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There are various purposes for changing screen direction like this

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Screen direction can be changed for purposes

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such as emphasizing psychological changes or creating special effects

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Alright, here we have a scene

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where two generals, one mounted on a horse and the other on foot

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engage in a swordfight

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So

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the general holding the sword

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moves positions

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in the screen direction from 1

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2

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to 3

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He move like that

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So, looking at positions 1 and 3

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the screen direction has changed

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And positions 3 and 4 maintain

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the same screen direction consistently

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In movies

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changing screen direction like this

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is often done to create more engaging shots

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Sometimes

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To emphasize changes in atmosphere

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We try to change the screen direction

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00:27:31.118 --> 00:27:33.796
interestingly for various purposes

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Broken screen direction occurs when a character

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for example

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a boy being chased

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by a gang

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suddenly changes screen direction

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while fleeing

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In that case, it can create the perception that the boy is heading towards the gang

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rather than running away from them

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Sometimes changing screen direction like this

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serves the purpose of shifting the direction

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for narrative reasons in the story

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Sometimes, it's done

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to make the continuous running of a boy more interesting

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or dynamically expressed

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There are also cases

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where they change direction periodically to make it more entertainingly arranged

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One of the most common examples of broken screen direction is

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if you look at positions 1, 2, 3, and 4

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it's a simple scene

423
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where two characters arrive at a mansion by car

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The screen direction upon arriving at the mansion

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consistently remains towards the left

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However, at position 3

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the screen direction briefly changes to the opposite side

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Because at position 3

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the arriving character looks at the building

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creating a different screen direction

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00:29:04.517 --> 00:29:08.037
and they briefly changed the direction

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00:29:08.676 --> 00:29:12.936
to create a more interesting scene composition

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I'll explain a very simple rule of screen direction

434
00:29:18.797 --> 00:29:23.236
In fact, if you misinterpret the rule of screen direction

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00:29:23.909 --> 00:29:25.209
once you start the direction on the screen

436
00:29:25.856 --> 00:29:30.277
you should maintain it until the end

437
00:29:30.278 --> 00:29:33.597
or you might mistakenly think that if you maintain the screen direction to the left

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00:29:33.597 --> 00:29:37.876
you must keep it left throughout

439
00:29:37.876 --> 00:29:39.717
The most important rule is

440
00:29:39.717 --> 00:29:44.756
ultimately to avoid confusing the audience

441
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If you maintain the screen direction consistently to the right or left throughout

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00:29:47.798 --> 00:29:50.577
it can actually make the movie viewing experience

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00:29:50.597 --> 00:29:56.356
quite dull and uninteresting

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Therefore, as needed, for fun

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00:30:00.837 --> 00:30:04.356
screen direction is changed in various storytelling transitions

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00:30:04.376 --> 00:30:08.196
 and for different purposes

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When changing it

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00:30:10.676 --> 00:30:16.197
it's important not to confuse or disorient the audience

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In conclusion

450
00:30:17.617 --> 00:30:20.756
in the development of a film's story

451
00:30:20.757 --> 00:30:25.316
you must establish clear rules for the significant spatial environment

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and direction from the very beginning

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For example, imagine a character leaving their house

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As I mentioned earlier

455
00:30:39.037 --> 00:30:43.717
in screen direction, it's simply a matter of right or left

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00:30:43.718 --> 00:30:46.196
Imagine setting up a character

457
00:30:46.757 --> 00:30:52.436
leaving the house by moving to the right in the initial screen direction

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Then, if the character moves to the left

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the audience might subconsciously feel

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00:31:00.978 --> 00:31:05.145
as if the character is returning home

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00:31:05.145 --> 00:31:08.237
In reality, the geographical environment is

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very complex with directions

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00:31:09.391 --> 00:31:12.597
like north, south, east, and west

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However, screen direction is very simple and therefore

465
00:31:17.017 --> 00:31:18.676
 it's very straightforward, but

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00:31:18.676 --> 00:31:21.317
if you set it up clearly

467
00:31:21.318 --> 00:31:24.168
and create it

468
00:31:24.169 --> 00:31:27.403
you can effectively utilize it

469
00:31:27.736 --> 00:31:28.736
Let's wrap up

470
00:31:28.757 --> 00:31:32.296
the discussion on screen direction

471
00:31:32.297 --> 00:31:35.096
 and continuity for now

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00:31:35.876 --> 00:31:36.796
Thank you

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00:31:38.277 --> 00:31:38.878
1. Basic film terminology and Continuity
Basic film terminology

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Shot: A continuous sequence of frames captured by a single camera without interruption, forming a single unit of a scene
Scene: A series of shots filmed in continuity at a specific location, depicting a continuous action or sequence

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00:31:39.677 --> 00:31:40.437
Sequence: A unit composed of multiple scenes, forming a significant part of the storytelling structure

476
00:31:40.437 --> 00:31:41.137
Real World: The actual physical space where we currently live; in filmmaking, it refers to the real-world locations or physical environments where scenes are filmed

477
00:31:41.137 --> 00:31:41.797
Screen World: The world that audiences perceive through the screen, consisting of scenes filmed in the real world and presented through the cinematic medium

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00:31:41.797 --> 00:31:42.497
Continuity
Continuity: The seamless connection of individual scenes shot under different conditions to maintain a consistent flow and coherence in storytelling

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00:31:42.497 --> 00:31:43.152
Temporal Continuity: The concept that varying time conditions during filming should appear consistent and continuous in the movie, creating a seamless sense of time passing uniformly for the audience

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00:31:43.153 --> 00:31:43.796
Spatial Continuity: The requirement that props, backgrounds, settings, etc., should smoothly connect from one shot to another, maintaining a natural flow and consistency in the visual environment

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Directional Continuity: Ensuring that the screen direction is well-designed and maintained more than the actual direction in the real environment is crucial

482
00:31:44.417 --> 00:31:45.032
Line of Action: A line drawn along the direction of a character's movement

483
00:31:45.032 --> 00:31:46.032
2. Types and characteristics of Screen Direction
Screen Direction

484
00:31:46.033 --> 00:31:47.456
Constant Screen Direction: Maintaining consistent directionality of subjects across consecutive shots

485
00:31:47.456 --> 00:31:48.616
Contrasting Screen Direction: Subjects moving in inconsistent, opposite directions

486
00:31:48.616 --> 00:31:49.936
Neutral Screen Direction: Subjects without a clear directional bias, remaining neutral

487
00:31:49.936 --> 00:31:51.256
Changing Screen Direction: Altering screen direction to avoid monotony or enhance visual interest

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Broken Screen Direction: Changing screen direction for the sake of adding a comedic or dramatic element