WEBVTT 1 00:00:13.297 --> 00:00:16.097 2 00:00:16.097 --> 00:00:18.901 3 00:00:18.901 --> 00:00:20.480 4 00:00:20.480 --> 00:00:22.314 5 00:00:22.314 --> 00:00:23.911 6 00:00:24.317 --> 00:00:28.072 Hello everyone this is Ji-eun Lee of Blue Wave Entertainment 7 00:00:28.072 --> 00:00:31.820 that will teach you in this lecture 8 00:00:31.820 --> 00:00:36.380 In this lecture we will talk about outlines of animations and history of it 9 00:00:36.380 --> 00:00:38.210 First, the start of animations 10 00:00:38.210 --> 00:00:42.020 We're going to learn about how animation got started 11 00:00:42.020 --> 00:00:45.660 Secondly, how did animations develop in North America? 12 00:00:45.660 --> 00:00:51.020 We will get to know the process of development and what works there were 13 00:00:51.020 --> 00:00:55.380 And third is about the development of Japanese animations 14 00:00:55.380 --> 00:01:00.779 This as well, we will take a look at what methods are developed 15 00:01:00.779 --> 00:01:05.940 and what works there were 16 00:01:05.940 --> 00:01:09.180 We'll take a look into the etymology of 'animation' 17 00:01:09.180 --> 00:01:12.900 Animation is a word that comes from the Latin word 18 00:01:12.900 --> 00:01:15.601 Anima meaning, breath of life 19 00:01:15.601 --> 00:01:16.900 That's the etymology 20 00:01:16.900 --> 00:01:20.921 and that is what we are using as the word 'animation' 21 00:01:20.921 --> 00:01:24.059 And in Korea it is called 'cartoon film' 22 00:01:24.059 --> 00:01:26.820 These days, we also just call it animation 23 00:01:26.820 --> 00:01:30.820 but before, 'cartoon film' was used 24 00:01:30.820 --> 00:01:33.660 In Japan, Anime 25 00:01:33.660 --> 00:01:37.260 So we call Japanese animations Anime 26 00:01:37.260 --> 00:01:39.620 It is sometimes said as 'ah-nime' or 'ae-nime' 27 00:01:39.620 --> 00:01:41.293 We call it that way 28 00:01:45.947 --> 00:01:49.339 Then when did animation start? 29 00:01:49.339 --> 00:01:51.860 We should get to know that 30 00:01:51.860 --> 00:01:55.260 This is related to the instinct of human 31 00:01:55.260 --> 00:01:59.459 Humans have an instinct to leave drawings of moving things 32 00:01:59.459 --> 00:02:03.580 So since the Old Stone Age, humans tried to 33 00:02:03.580 --> 00:02:08.860 leave drawings of moving things 34 00:02:08.860 --> 00:02:14.500 So now, nowadays, we came to create pieces that cross the border of 35 00:02:14.500 --> 00:02:17.020 fantasy and reality 36 00:02:17.020 --> 00:02:21.460 Long, long ago, during the Old Stone Age, there was a drawing on the walls of the cave of Altamira 37 00:02:21.460 --> 00:02:25.580 It was a mural found from the cave of Altamira in Spain 38 00:02:25.580 --> 00:02:30.419 They drew wild boars but they had four of each legs 39 00:02:30.419 --> 00:02:35.100 So researchers studies what they were 40 00:02:35.100 --> 00:02:39.259 That was an attempt to draw the wild boars' movements 41 00:02:39.259 --> 00:02:44.539 That is, an attempt, the first attempt to try animating 42 00:02:44.539 --> 00:02:48.699 In addition to that, animation has to have story 43 00:02:48.699 --> 00:02:52.380 In Korea, Petroglyphs of Bangudae Terrace was discovered 44 00:02:52.380 --> 00:02:55.619 Petroglyphs is carving on stones 45 00:02:55.619 --> 00:02:58.020 What is engraved on it is 46 00:02:58.020 --> 00:03:04.179 a picture of people hunting huge whales, deer, wild boar, etc. 47 00:03:04.179 --> 00:03:06.539 So we are able to see what the people of that time 48 00:03:06.539 --> 00:03:11.500 hunted and ate 49 00:03:11.500 --> 00:03:13.740 This is a type of storytelling 50 00:03:13.740 --> 00:03:18.300 Storytelling is one of the elements of animations 51 00:03:18.300 --> 00:03:22.779 This is found also in the Petroglyphs of Bangudae Terrace in Korea 52 00:03:22.779 --> 00:03:25.300 Going back in time 53 00:03:25.300 --> 00:03:29.139 we are also able to see similar things in the Egyptian murals 54 00:03:29.139 --> 00:03:32.059 Egypt is known for its murals very well 55 00:03:32.059 --> 00:03:39.380 In the Egyptian murals you can see people fighting in sequence 56 00:03:39.380 --> 00:03:46.460 So we can see through these drawings that they fought like this 57 00:03:46.460 --> 00:03:50.699 And it has the role of delivering information instead of letters 58 00:03:50.699 --> 00:03:56.940 'This is how it's done' was delivered visually through these 59 00:03:56.940 --> 00:04:03.220 Even if we express it well through writing the finest details cannot be delivered 60 00:04:03.220 --> 00:04:05.779 Let's jump ahead of time a little bit 61 00:04:05.779 --> 00:04:08.660 When you see Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling 62 00:04:08.660 --> 00:04:13.460 there is a very famous mural called 'The Creation of Adam' 63 00:04:13.460 --> 00:04:16.540 and then there is 'The Creation of Eve' 64 00:04:16.540 --> 00:04:19.420 then 'The Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden' 65 00:04:19.420 --> 00:04:25.179 Like this, Michelangelo had drawn sequences of the stories of the Bible 66 00:04:25.179 --> 00:04:28.579 in the walls of the Sistine Chapel 67 00:04:28.579 --> 00:04:35.260 So since not all of the people of that time knew how to read 68 00:04:35.260 --> 00:04:38.859 this acted as a animation storyboard 69 00:04:38.859 --> 00:04:42.976 making it possible for people to believe in God 70 00:04:42.976 --> 00:04:46.459 without reading the Bible but seeing the murals 71 00:04:46.459 --> 00:04:49.859 You might think that these are too far away from now 72 00:04:49.859 --> 00:04:54.220 so I'll tell you about animations that are closer to you 73 00:04:54.220 --> 00:04:58.420 You will remember doodling on the corner of your notebook 74 00:04:58.420 --> 00:05:04.019 and flipping it over to make the doodles look like they are moving 75 00:05:04.019 --> 00:05:07.619 Not all of you might have done this, but this is very common 76 00:05:07.619 --> 00:05:09.940 This is called a flip book 77 00:05:09.940 --> 00:05:15.739 and this is the method of animations, afterimage, or optical illusion 78 00:05:15.739 --> 00:05:20.899 Our eyes remember parts of what we saw 79 00:05:20.899 --> 00:05:26.540 If you think that this explanation is not enough 80 00:05:26.540 --> 00:05:32.220 You phones have burst photo function 81 00:05:32.220 --> 00:05:35.619 By using the burst photo function and if watch it quickly 82 00:05:35.619 --> 00:05:37.579 it also has an effect like a video 83 00:05:37.579 --> 00:05:40.260 We call this afterimage effect 84 00:05:40.260 --> 00:05:43.899 It is because the videos we think about are 85 00:05:43.899 --> 00:05:47.459 images played quickly like that 86 00:05:47.459 --> 00:05:50.579 Now we talked about flip books 87 00:05:50.579 --> 00:05:54.940 There is a very basic device called thaumatrope 88 00:05:54.940 --> 00:06:00.459 It is an animation device, and it would be a bird cage drawn on one side of a paper 89 00:06:00.459 --> 00:06:02.739 this is just an example 90 00:06:02.739 --> 00:06:05.660 bird cage and a bird drawn on the other side 91 00:06:05.660 --> 00:06:07.220 then you flip it 92 00:06:07.220 --> 00:06:10.299 You flip it and then 93 00:06:10.299 --> 00:06:12.899 it will look like there's a bird 94 00:06:12.899 --> 00:06:15.660 inside the bird cage 95 00:06:15.660 --> 00:06:19.739 There is also phenakistoscope 96 00:06:19.739 --> 00:06:24.220 This is a round disk 97 00:06:24.220 --> 00:06:27.260 that has about 10 to 12 drawings on it 98 00:06:27.260 --> 00:06:30.540 But all these drawings are parts of movements 99 00:06:30.540 --> 00:06:31.820 They are all a little bit different 100 00:06:31.820 --> 00:06:36.100 So there is a hole in the middle of all those drawings 101 00:06:36.100 --> 00:06:38.859 You see it through the hole 102 00:06:38.859 --> 00:06:41.980 You see it through a mirror and the drawings will be moving 103 00:06:41.980 --> 00:06:44.459 Very fun animation 104 00:06:44.459 --> 00:06:47.820 was being enjoyed by the people of that time 105 00:06:47.820 --> 00:06:49.619 And there is this thing called zoetrope 106 00:06:49.619 --> 00:06:53.339 Zoetrope is made a little more mechanically 107 00:06:53.339 --> 00:06:58.660 It was invented by a mathematician called William Horner in 1834 108 00:06:58.660 --> 00:07:02.540 and we call this a zoetrope 109 00:07:02.540 --> 00:07:06.179 This, also with the same method 110 00:07:06.179 --> 00:07:09.059 people in the past were able to see scenes of 111 00:07:09.059 --> 00:07:12.299 horses running or dog running 112 00:07:12.299 --> 00:07:16.420 And with photos we can see this afterimage effect 113 00:07:16.420 --> 00:07:20.019 Muybridge's experiment shows us this 114 00:07:20.019 --> 00:07:24.220 Muybridge put 24 cameras 115 00:07:24.220 --> 00:07:28.500 and connected a string to the camera so that every time the horse runs 116 00:07:28.500 --> 00:07:31.660 a photo would be taken 117 00:07:31.660 --> 00:07:34.140 What we were able to know with this was 118 00:07:34.140 --> 00:07:38.420 whether a running horse's all four feet are in the air when it runs 119 00:07:38.420 --> 00:07:41.540 They had this kind of bet 120 00:07:41.540 --> 00:07:44.380 And it turned out that they do 121 00:07:44.380 --> 00:07:47.980 So he won a huge bet 122 00:07:47.980 --> 00:07:52.940 But the cost of setting the cameras up was larger is the story 123 00:07:52.940 --> 00:07:56.619 Anyways these are nowadays 124 00:07:56.619 --> 00:07:58.899 easily able to be seen with videos 125 00:07:58.899 --> 00:08:01.899 but since videos also move very quickly 126 00:08:01.899 --> 00:08:04.140 to see the exact moments showing each movement 127 00:08:04.140 --> 00:08:07.700 we need to pause the video to see 128 00:08:07.700 --> 00:08:10.700 This is about that 129 00:08:10.700 --> 00:08:13.739 So if there are photos that show continuous movement 130 00:08:13.739 --> 00:08:16.820 we cannot know exactly what that movement is 131 00:08:16.820 --> 00:08:20.380 so Muybridge had this experiment 132 00:08:20.380 --> 00:08:23.540 As you see there is a drawing of a running horse 133 00:08:23.540 --> 00:08:26.459 You can see all four feet are floating 134 00:08:26.700 --> 00:08:30.540 And we will talk about the first-ever animation 135 00:08:30.540 --> 00:08:34.500 The first animation was made in France and not the US 136 00:08:34.500 --> 00:08:38.419 The first animation ever made is 'Fantasmagorie' made by 137 00:08:38.419 --> 00:08:42.340 a French director, Émile Cohl 138 00:08:42.340 --> 00:08:45.219 It is in black and white 139 00:08:45.219 --> 00:08:50.179 Uniquely the background is black and the drawings are white 140 00:08:50.179 --> 00:08:54.000 This is the first-ever animation 141 00:08:54.000 --> 00:08:57.979 but since continuous drawings keep moving without stopping 142 00:08:57.979 --> 00:09:00.380 it is a little bit different from the animations 143 00:09:00.380 --> 00:09:03.820 that we know nowadays 144 00:09:03.820 --> 00:09:09.619 I think you'll be able to get what it's like if you see this 145 00:09:09.619 --> 00:09:11.619 Then the first animation ever made 146 00:09:11.619 --> 00:09:14.739 We call this one the first key animation 147 00:09:14.739 --> 00:09:19.539 Key animation is among other animations 148 00:09:19.539 --> 00:09:21.659 the movements needed 149 00:09:21.659 --> 00:09:26.059 animations made by selecting the movements that are necessary one by one 150 00:09:26.059 --> 00:09:32.340 and filling in the gaps with the drawings left 151 00:09:32.340 --> 00:09:35.260 It can be said as the start of the modern animations 152 00:09:35.260 --> 00:09:37.700 The first key animation is 153 00:09:37.700 --> 00:09:42.059 〈Gertie the Dinosaur〉 by Winsor McCay 154 00:09:42.059 --> 00:09:46.700 Gertie the Dinosaur is a dinosaur that understands people's words 155 00:09:46.700 --> 00:09:52.340 So it is actually an animation mixed with live action movie 156 00:09:52.340 --> 00:09:55.900 If a person tells Gertie to do this and that 157 00:09:55.900 --> 00:10:00.099 in the subtitles, Gertie moves like that 158 00:10:00.099 --> 00:10:05.219 So it is a fun piece with such animation 159 00:10:05.219 --> 00:10:08.580 The important movements, the movement with it's body to this side 160 00:10:08.580 --> 00:10:12.859 and the movement with it's body to the other side, these two are called as 'key' 161 00:10:12.859 --> 00:10:18.539 But all the other drawings needed between those two movements 162 00:10:18.539 --> 00:10:21.580 are drawn one by one 163 00:10:21.580 --> 00:10:23.580 That is key animation 164 00:10:23.580 --> 00:10:26.460 From this 〈Gertie the Dinosaur〉 by Winsor McCay 165 00:10:26.460 --> 00:10:30.460 key animation has started 166 00:10:34.950 --> 00:10:39.859 Now we will get to know about animations in North America 167 00:10:39.859 --> 00:10:42.380 Since there are so many North America's animations 168 00:10:42.380 --> 00:10:47.219 I will talk mainly about the early animations 169 00:10:47.219 --> 00:10:52.659 like Disney and such 170 00:10:52.659 --> 00:10:56.780 We will get to know about the beginning of North American animations 171 00:10:56.780 --> 00:11:02.299 The beginning of modern animations and the beginning of North American animations are almost right next to each other 172 00:11:02.299 --> 00:11:04.619 A work called 〈Felix the Cat〉 173 00:11:04.619 --> 00:11:08.179 This was released in 1919 174 00:11:08.179 --> 00:11:11.979 The name of the black cat in this is Felix 175 00:11:11.979 --> 00:11:15.260 This black cat Felix is the first animation character 176 00:11:15.260 --> 00:11:19.700 with characterness 177 00:11:19.700 --> 00:11:23.299 The character you see now is 178 00:11:23.299 --> 00:11:27.580 I think you would have heard about the cat Felix a lot 179 00:11:27.580 --> 00:11:30.179 That cat is still here and there 180 00:11:30.179 --> 00:11:34.500 But the drawing that I prepared 181 00:11:34.500 --> 00:11:37.539 the character in that drawing, Felix 182 00:11:37.539 --> 00:11:40.219 is quite different from Felix of now 183 00:11:40.219 --> 00:11:43.700 It is the first-ever work 184 00:11:43.700 --> 00:11:47.820 Then finally Disney appears 185 00:11:47.820 --> 00:11:49.979 This Disney is the Disney that we know 186 00:11:49.979 --> 00:11:56.539 A cartoonist called Walt Disney entered into the animation industry 187 00:11:56.539 --> 00:12:01.659 Walt Disney first had this character named Oswald 188 00:12:01.659 --> 00:12:04.900 But this was taken away due to a copyright conflict 189 00:12:04.900 --> 00:12:08.820 But that Oswald made a huge hit 190 00:12:08.820 --> 00:12:14.739 So Disney created another character 191 00:12:14.739 --> 00:12:17.780 and that is Mickey Mouse that we now know 192 00:12:17.780 --> 00:12:24.979 From Felix, Oswald the lucky rabbit 193 00:12:24.979 --> 00:12:26.500 to Disney's Mickey Mouse 194 00:12:26.500 --> 00:12:31.099 You'll see something common in all of them 195 00:12:31.099 --> 00:12:33.260 The character is in black 196 00:12:33.260 --> 00:12:39.260 With the technology of that time, it was the time of black-and-white silent film 197 00:12:39.260 --> 00:12:42.179 so characters appeared like that 198 00:12:42.179 --> 00:12:46.140 〈Steamboat Willie〉, the first Mickey Mouse animation 199 00:12:46.140 --> 00:12:50.979 is also the first animation that is synced with sound 200 00:12:50.979 --> 00:12:54.179 At that time, almost every animations 201 00:12:54.179 --> 00:12:58.619 developed from cartoon straps, newspaper cartoon straps 202 00:12:58.619 --> 00:13:01.099 So in terms of the designs 203 00:13:01.099 --> 00:13:05.539 there are things in common 204 00:13:05.539 --> 00:13:07.659 And another thing 205 00:13:07.659 --> 00:13:10.900 Bugs Bunny also started at around this time 206 00:13:10.900 --> 00:13:14.739 Bugs Bunny also appeared almost simultaneously 207 00:13:14.739 --> 00:13:18.419 with the Mickey Mouse 208 00:13:18.419 --> 00:13:20.580 The Bugs Bunny you see in the drawing 209 00:13:20.580 --> 00:13:23.340 isn't the Bugs Bunny we know 210 00:13:23.340 --> 00:13:26.619 It is just a normal rabbit but it's walking on two feet 211 00:13:26.619 --> 00:13:33.179 But you can see this rabbit 212 00:13:33.179 --> 00:13:35.859 walking on two feet evolving into 213 00:13:35.859 --> 00:13:38.659 a very cool bunny here 214 00:13:38.659 --> 00:13:40.900 And through the era of colored movies 215 00:13:40.900 --> 00:13:43.260 they also got colors like that 216 00:13:43.260 --> 00:13:45.580 They're getting prettier 217 00:13:45.580 --> 00:13:49.979 And it developed into Looney Tunes that we know 218 00:13:49.979 --> 00:13:53.979 Then where would these animations have been viewed? 219 00:13:53.979 --> 00:13:58.140 The people of that time, where did they watch these videos? 220 00:13:58.140 --> 00:14:01.539 At home? No, it was at the theaters 221 00:14:01.539 --> 00:14:05.059 At that time TV did not exist at all 222 00:14:05.059 --> 00:14:09.659 So you might wonder 'it's just an animation, why watch it in theaters?' but 223 00:14:09.659 --> 00:14:13.900 all moving videos like those were played in the theaters 224 00:14:13.900 --> 00:14:17.859 And those cartoon movies, animations 225 00:14:17.859 --> 00:14:22.058 were played before screening normal movies 226 00:14:22.059 --> 00:14:26.179 These days we watch advertisements 227 00:14:26.179 --> 00:14:29.700 Right until people all get to their seats, maybe? 228 00:14:29.700 --> 00:14:35.299 Anyways they were screened for about 5 minutes in the beginning 229 00:14:35.299 --> 00:14:37.820 So Disney thought 230 00:14:37.820 --> 00:14:43.059 'Then, wouldn't it be possible to make movies with animations?' 231 00:14:43.059 --> 00:14:44.659 He thought of this 232 00:14:44.659 --> 00:14:49.739 So he made a piece called 〈The Goddess of Spring〉 233 00:14:49.739 --> 00:14:52.900 The work you see here is very meaningful because 234 00:14:52.900 --> 00:14:56.219 it is the first animation in color 235 00:14:56.219 --> 00:14:58.859 Before, there were no animations in color 236 00:14:58.859 --> 00:15:01.419 So this work, 〈The Goddess of Spring〉 was 237 00:15:01.419 --> 00:15:07.460 Disney's first animation in color 238 00:15:07.460 --> 00:15:11.700 And another thing is it is not a simple character like Mickey Mouse 239 00:15:11.700 --> 00:15:13.500 Animating a person 240 00:15:13.500 --> 00:15:18.219 is a job that requires a lot of techniques 241 00:15:18.219 --> 00:15:25.299 So Disney gained a lot of know-how working on this piece, in 1934 242 00:15:25.299 --> 00:15:30.979 After this, with this know-hows in 1937 243 00:15:30.979 --> 00:15:33.299 there was a film screened in theathers 244 00:15:33.299 --> 00:15:36.020 and it was the legendary 〈Snow White〉 245 00:15:36.020 --> 00:15:39.780 World's first long colored animation 246 00:15:39.780 --> 00:15:43.940 And as a video, the first colored work 247 00:15:43.940 --> 00:15:47.219 From both animations and live actions 248 00:15:47.219 --> 00:15:49.820 this is the first colored film 249 00:15:49.820 --> 00:15:55.059 When filming Snow White 250 00:15:55.059 --> 00:15:57.460 they actually did film it 251 00:15:57.460 --> 00:16:02.179 They filmed all scenes with actors dancing 252 00:16:02.179 --> 00:16:04.419 Dancing scenes are very complex 253 00:16:04.419 --> 00:16:07.059 So they filmed all those scenes 254 00:16:07.059 --> 00:16:11.340 and with those videos as reference, made the scenes where 255 00:16:11.340 --> 00:16:14.700 Snow White is dancing with the seven dwarfs 256 00:16:14.700 --> 00:16:17.940 And another unique thing in 〈Snow White〉 is 257 00:16:17.940 --> 00:16:21.539 in fact Snow White herself isn't portrayed 258 00:16:21.539 --> 00:16:23.780 as a greatly attractive person in the film 259 00:16:23.780 --> 00:16:31.460 But the seven dwarfs were portrayed as very charming characters 260 00:16:31.460 --> 00:16:36.260 Each one's personality were created as characters 261 00:16:36.260 --> 00:16:40.380 that show their personalities very well 262 00:16:40.380 --> 00:16:44.039 And another thing is that villains that have never been 263 00:16:44.039 --> 00:16:47.179 seen in animation appear in cartoon movies 264 00:16:47.179 --> 00:16:53.260 Snow White's mother, her adoptive mother appears 265 00:16:53.260 --> 00:16:58.140 and becomes a legendary villain 266 00:16:58.140 --> 00:17:03.219 After that there were many animations 267 00:17:03.219 --> 00:17:06.140 Now it has become a time where 268 00:17:06.140 --> 00:17:10.699 we have to talk about TVs instead of theaters 269 00:17:10.699 --> 00:17:14.020 Animations that were only played in theaters 270 00:17:14.020 --> 00:17:19.540 but with the rapid supply of TVs in the 1950s 271 00:17:19.540 --> 00:17:22.300 were now able to watch at home 272 00:17:22.300 --> 00:17:26.339 So animations were played 273 00:17:26.339 --> 00:17:30.819 And as these cartoon movies were played in TVs 274 00:17:30.819 --> 00:17:33.339 'Oh, kids watch these' 275 00:17:33.339 --> 00:17:38.579 became a huge subject of consideration 276 00:17:38.579 --> 00:17:41.780 Before, adults watched them on theaters 277 00:17:41.780 --> 00:17:46.500 You wouldn't believe it but adults were watching Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny 278 00:17:46.500 --> 00:17:49.140 and laughed out loud in the theaters 279 00:17:49.140 --> 00:17:52.739 But as these were played in TVs 280 00:17:52.739 --> 00:17:55.579 the stories that were fun to adults 281 00:17:55.579 --> 00:17:59.099 when watching in the theaters 282 00:17:59.099 --> 00:18:03.699 now had to be refined for children 283 00:18:03.699 --> 00:18:09.500 And another thing is as there were various television stations 284 00:18:09.500 --> 00:18:13.180 they had to make more shows 285 00:18:13.180 --> 00:18:16.859 and therefore people tried to make 286 00:18:16.859 --> 00:18:20.420 pieces that were less costly to make 287 00:18:20.420 --> 00:18:23.819 And with that limited animation developed 288 00:18:23.819 --> 00:18:30.739 Methods of animations started with the supply of TVs 289 00:18:30.739 --> 00:18:33.780 Before, full animation was used 290 00:18:33.780 --> 00:18:38.579 meaning that 24 frames per seconds were made to make videos 291 00:18:38.579 --> 00:18:41.660 but now limited animation is used 292 00:18:41.660 --> 00:18:44.660 by using 12 frames per second 293 00:18:44.660 --> 00:18:49.459 to make movements and screen them 294 00:18:49.459 --> 00:18:52.140 And in this limited animation 295 00:18:52.140 --> 00:18:53.859 some parts don't move 296 00:18:53.859 --> 00:18:55.979 and some do 297 00:18:55.979 --> 00:18:58.260 We say that we separate the levels 298 00:18:58.260 --> 00:19:01.859 By dividing the layers, parts that stay still are put under the layers 299 00:19:01.859 --> 00:19:03.579 and move only the things that create movement 300 00:19:03.579 --> 00:19:05.979 this is how it's done 301 00:19:05.979 --> 00:19:11.459 You need to check well where it should be divided 302 00:19:11.459 --> 00:19:16.420 So these are the methods of making 2D animations 303 00:19:16.420 --> 00:19:20.420 and they are used until now with digitalization 304 00:19:20.420 --> 00:19:23.339 I'll jump a little bit 305 00:19:23.339 --> 00:19:28.619 I'll talk about 3D animations that we are familiar with these days 306 00:19:28.619 --> 00:19:30.739 When talking about 3D animations 307 00:19:30.739 --> 00:19:35.699 I don't think I can not mention the company Pixar 308 00:19:35.699 --> 00:19:44.020 The first long animation made by Pixar is 〈Toy Story〉 309 00:19:44.020 --> 00:19:48.579 How did 〈Toy Story〉 have been created? 310 00:19:48.579 --> 00:19:51.780 It is a very clever idea 311 00:19:51.780 --> 00:19:55.099 It's like toys are moving alive 312 00:19:55.099 --> 00:20:01.500 But back then, when Pixar was found in 1995 313 00:20:01.500 --> 00:20:05.739 now everything can be generated with computers 314 00:20:05.739 --> 00:20:09.660 but back then only the texture of hard plastic 315 00:20:09.660 --> 00:20:12.739 was possible to generate with computers 316 00:20:12.739 --> 00:20:17.540 So it is a very clever piece 317 00:20:17.540 --> 00:20:20.699 but also it is the movie made with the best methods 318 00:20:20.699 --> 00:20:22.780 of that time 319 00:20:22.780 --> 00:20:25.060 You can think of it this way 320 00:20:25.060 --> 00:20:29.060 Other than that, there are countless pieces Pixar made 321 00:20:29.060 --> 00:20:32.900 And as Pixar and Disney merged 322 00:20:32.900 --> 00:20:35.140 it can be said that they opened the age of 323 00:20:35.140 --> 00:20:38.140 3D Disney movies 324 00:20:38.140 --> 00:20:41.979 And the 3D animation that was able to make toys 325 00:20:41.979 --> 00:20:45.099 now can make everything 326 00:20:45.099 --> 00:20:50.939 Disney made a 3D animation called 〈Dinosaur〉 327 00:20:50.939 --> 00:20:54.060 In this, it was made in such detail that 328 00:20:54.060 --> 00:20:58.180 even the sweat drops, the sweat of the dinosaurs were generated as well 329 00:20:58.180 --> 00:21:03.260 And your favorite characters in 〈King Kong〉 330 00:21:03.260 --> 00:21:05.739 or 〈The Lord of the Rings〉 331 00:21:05.739 --> 00:21:10.500 like Gollum, or crazy war fight scenes 332 00:21:10.500 --> 00:21:13.979 these are actually all animations 333 00:21:13.979 --> 00:21:18.060 And various magic scenes and creatures in 334 00:21:18.060 --> 00:21:21.619 〈Harry Potter〉 335 00:21:21.619 --> 00:21:24.739 were also all made through animations 336 00:21:24.739 --> 00:21:29.060 So now actual image and animation is mixed 337 00:21:29.060 --> 00:21:31.739 crossing the boundaries 338 00:21:31.739 --> 00:21:34.739 You could say that 339 00:21:34.739 --> 00:21:37.939 And there is a piece that is at the peak of all this 340 00:21:37.939 --> 00:21:40.500 and that is your favorite 341 00:21:40.500 --> 00:21:42.819 〈Avatar〉 342 00:21:42.819 --> 00:21:45.979 But even before 〈Avatar〉, as I told you 343 00:21:45.979 --> 00:21:50.060 many movies made details 344 00:21:50.060 --> 00:21:52.739 and like I told you before, sweating 345 00:21:52.739 --> 00:21:54.500 and things like these were generated 346 00:21:54.500 --> 00:21:58.020 But what made 〈Avatar〉 the peak was 347 00:21:58.020 --> 00:21:59.699 it could show emotion through the eyes 348 00:21:59.699 --> 00:22:02.660 It showed acting with eyes that are alive 349 00:22:02.660 --> 00:22:06.500 So 〈Avatar〉 would be the peak of 350 00:22:06.500 --> 00:22:10.300 3D animations 351 00:22:10.300 --> 00:22:12.380 It is considered that way 352 00:22:12.380 --> 00:22:16.339 And in Korea as well there are a lot coming out 353 00:22:16.339 --> 00:22:19.859 For a Korean movie, there is 〈The Host〉 354 00:22:19.859 --> 00:22:24.619 Now there are more amazing movies than 〈The Host〉 355 00:22:24.619 --> 00:22:28.300 but the movie 〈The Host〉, when 〈The Host〉 by Bong Joon-ho was out 356 00:22:28.300 --> 00:22:31.699 there were great compliments about the 'creature' 357 00:22:31.699 --> 00:22:34.260 But actually the creature in 〈The Host〉 358 00:22:34.260 --> 00:22:36.819 was not able to be created in Korea at that time 359 00:22:36.819 --> 00:22:40.099 But now, there are such good works 360 00:22:40.099 --> 00:22:44.699 made within Korea as well 361 00:22:44.699 --> 00:22:50.579 Among actual image movies, not only 〈Avatar〉 362 00:22:50.579 --> 00:22:53.660 but there are some pieces with robots as the main characters 363 00:22:53.660 --> 00:22:55.739 There is 〈Transformer〉 364 00:22:55.739 --> 00:22:58.099 Transformer is originally a 2D piece 365 00:22:58.099 --> 00:23:01.979 The ownership went back and forth a lot 366 00:23:01.979 --> 00:23:05.260 It went to Japan and then to the US back and forth 367 00:23:05.260 --> 00:23:08.619 And where it made a huge success was in the US 368 00:23:08.619 --> 00:23:13.260 In the US they made a live action Transformer 369 00:23:13.260 --> 00:23:15.380 and screened it in theaters 370 00:23:15.380 --> 00:23:20.979 I actually think that more than half of this piece is 371 00:23:20.979 --> 00:23:22.939 animation 372 00:23:22.939 --> 00:23:27.699 There were movies that did very well commercially 373 00:23:27.699 --> 00:23:32.459 and now the border between actual image and animation has torn down a lot 374 00:23:32.459 --> 00:23:34.180 I think in that way 375 00:23:34.180 --> 00:23:39.020 A lot of animation directors did in fact enter the live-action film field 376 00:23:39.020 --> 00:23:44.859 Just as the first color video, long movie was an animation 377 00:23:44.859 --> 00:23:48.099 in a way, it is just that the production method is different 378 00:23:48.099 --> 00:23:53.260 in videography, it could be said that they are going through the same path 379 00:23:57.771 --> 00:24:02.899 Now let's take a look at the development of Japanese animations 380 00:24:02.899 --> 00:24:08.300 Japanese animations were greatly influenced by animations of the west 381 00:24:08.300 --> 00:24:17.260 So Japan screened an animation that they imported from abroad in 1910 382 00:24:17.260 --> 00:24:19.260 since they did not have TVs back then 383 00:24:19.260 --> 00:24:23.180 It is left as a record that they screened it 384 00:24:23.180 --> 00:24:27.979 They screened 〈Fantasmagorie〉 by Stuart Blackton of 1906 385 00:24:27.979 --> 00:24:31.900 was screened as 〈Humorous Phases of funny Faces〉 386 00:24:31.900 --> 00:24:37.300 Then in 1917, influenced by foreign animations 387 00:24:37.300 --> 00:24:42.300 many Japanese animators created and presented their works 388 00:24:42.300 --> 00:24:48.180 And then in 1930, a Disney Mickey Mouse animation 389 00:24:48.180 --> 00:24:53.619 Silly Symphony was imported and screened 390 00:24:53.619 --> 00:24:59.660 This was screened in the US just a year before it was screened in Japan 391 00:24:59.660 --> 00:25:05.020 Japan's animation import was fairly quick 392 00:25:05.020 --> 00:25:10.459 Back then, there were no internet or whatsoever 393 00:25:10.459 --> 00:25:14.151 but the culture spread very quickly 394 00:25:14.151 --> 00:25:18.300 and was screed in Japan 395 00:25:18.300 --> 00:25:26.219 Japan as well, TVs started to be supplied after 1950s which is after the World War 2 396 00:25:26.219 --> 00:25:30.739 With that animations entered homes 397 00:25:30.739 --> 00:25:35.260 1945 fall, with the end of the Pacific War 398 00:25:35.260 --> 00:25:42.900 2 months later, military occupation command centered around the US was made in Japan 399 00:25:42.900 --> 00:25:46.819 Then, Shin-Ei Animation was founded 400 00:25:46.819 --> 00:25:52.180 and from then Japanese animation with the influence of American animations 401 00:25:52.180 --> 00:25:54.780 started to be produced again 402 00:25:54.780 --> 00:26:01.180 In 1948, animators from Shin-Ei Animations like 403 00:26:01.180 --> 00:26:03.950 Sanae Yamamoto and Kenzō Masaoka 404 00:26:03.950 --> 00:26:08.739 founded Toei Animation 405 00:26:08.739 --> 00:26:13.660 1956 Toei, you heard of it a lot right? 406 00:26:13.660 --> 00:26:17.260 They start as a company called Toei 407 00:26:17.260 --> 00:26:23.339 and this Toei adopts American system and makes many long movies for theaters 408 00:26:23.339 --> 00:26:29.420 These also influenced Japanese TV animations a lot 409 00:26:29.420 --> 00:26:33.380 Later, using the limited animation, it is Japanese limited animation 410 00:26:33.380 --> 00:26:37.180 Osamu Tezuka who made the Japanese limited animation 411 00:26:37.180 --> 00:26:42.300 also learned animation in Toei 412 00:26:42.300 --> 00:26:47.260 Osamu Tezuka, as you might have heard 413 00:26:47.260 --> 00:26:50.420 is Astro Boy's dad, Astro Boy's father 414 00:26:50.420 --> 00:26:54.900 So the first TV animation is 〈Mighty Atom〉 415 00:26:54.900 --> 00:26:58.859 Not the 〈Astro Boy〉 from catoons that we know 416 00:26:58.859 --> 00:27:05.140 This 〈Mighty Atom〉 has a diverse history of the character 417 00:27:05.140 --> 00:27:09.339 So it is greatly loved until now 418 00:27:09.339 --> 00:27:14.900 Even now, it is made into a 3D version and is screened 419 00:27:14.900 --> 00:27:21.180 And in other countries in shops, the Japanese section 420 00:27:21.180 --> 00:27:26.459 not even Japan section but a separate section for Osamu Tezuka's works 421 00:27:26.459 --> 00:27:31.619 are made, so it is very popular even until now 422 00:27:31.619 --> 00:27:34.859 I would like to talk about the 423 00:27:34.859 --> 00:27:39.420 Japanese limited animation method which can be said, made by Osamu Tezuka 424 00:27:39.420 --> 00:27:42.699 With this Japanese limited animation method 425 00:27:42.699 --> 00:27:47.459 Japanese animation achieves great effect 426 00:27:47.459 --> 00:27:53.660 This Japanese limited animation method, there also is American limited animation method 427 00:27:53.660 --> 00:27:57.500 but the Japanese limited animation method brings an effect 428 00:27:57.500 --> 00:27:59.420 that can reduce the cost extraordinarily 429 00:27:59.420 --> 00:28:04.020 Osamu Tezuka is called as the father of Japanese animation 430 00:28:04.020 --> 00:28:08.099 but also blamed on a lot for one thing 431 00:28:08.099 --> 00:28:12.819 He reduces the cost of Japanese animation production very greatly 432 00:28:12.819 --> 00:28:15.979 Seeing it now it's almost feels cheap 433 00:28:15.979 --> 00:28:19.020 It reaches that point 434 00:28:19.020 --> 00:28:23.060 But I think there was no choice to make a lot of animation movies 435 00:28:23.060 --> 00:28:27.260 So how it's done is they predetermine the amount of frames 436 00:28:27.260 --> 00:28:31.939 The number of frames for each episode, frame means each sheet of drawings 437 00:28:31.939 --> 00:28:34.459 They predetermine the frames to be about 2,000 438 00:28:34.459 --> 00:28:38.300 and produce it while reducing the frame counts even more 439 00:28:38.300 --> 00:28:43.360 Then they start to use what they drew before again and again 440 00:28:43.360 --> 00:28:47.780 Like this, they start to use this thing called 'bank shot' 441 00:28:47.780 --> 00:28:52.540 In Japanese animations, especially in robot animations 442 00:28:52.540 --> 00:28:57.420 getting into action or other scenes are made using the same frames 443 00:28:57.420 --> 00:29:01.739 for every episode, and this is called bank shot 444 00:29:01.739 --> 00:29:05.060 And in American animations, 2 comma 445 00:29:05.060 --> 00:29:08.300 that is, two sheets need to be seen as a single sheet 446 00:29:08.300 --> 00:29:11.140 If you film it in 2 comma in the US 447 00:29:11.140 --> 00:29:16.819 Japanese animations do 3 comma, that is, 3 sheets 448 00:29:16.819 --> 00:29:21.500 They make three sheets into one when filming 449 00:29:21.500 --> 00:29:26.859 Another thing is in close-up takes, it does not move at all 450 00:29:26.859 --> 00:29:28.619 It does not move at all 451 00:29:28.619 --> 00:29:32.339 and instead they use cartoon-ish drawings 452 00:29:32.339 --> 00:29:36.020 Using very detailed drawings 453 00:29:36.020 --> 00:29:41.099 without moving and using only expansion, it is done with just one frame 454 00:29:41.099 --> 00:29:48.060 So in the US rolling eyes or blinking 455 00:29:48.060 --> 00:29:49.819 these scenes exist 456 00:29:49.819 --> 00:29:52.540 but here, one frame is all that there is 457 00:29:52.540 --> 00:30:01.459 This in fact becomes a unique production method of Japan later on 458 00:30:01.459 --> 00:30:05.300 Creating the feeling of etching method of printing methods 459 00:30:05.300 --> 00:30:08.699 so with one frame and just the camera movement 460 00:30:08.699 --> 00:30:11.619 without animating the drawing 461 00:30:11.619 --> 00:30:16.540 a scene can be created, that is the method that Japan made 462 00:30:16.540 --> 00:30:18.099 How could we cut the cost? 463 00:30:18.099 --> 00:30:20.300 That was the only thing in their minds 464 00:30:20.300 --> 00:30:26.020 How can we cut the costs and make this scene cheaper to produce 465 00:30:26.020 --> 00:30:27.339 Those things 466 00:30:27.339 --> 00:30:31.020 And obviously if you're moving your arm like this 467 00:30:31.020 --> 00:30:37.540 they separate here to here and move only this part, these type of scenes are common 468 00:30:37.540 --> 00:30:43.339 Like this, making it very cheap is the Japanese limited animation method 469 00:30:43.339 --> 00:30:48.196 There are some animations among Japanese animations 470 00:30:48.196 --> 00:30:52.500 that had great effects on Korean animations 471 00:30:52.500 --> 00:30:57.780 They are 〈Mazinger Z〉 and 〈Great Mazinger〉 and such 472 00:30:57.780 --> 00:30:59.500 They were broadcasted in Korea as well 473 00:30:59.500 --> 00:31:07.459 When they were broadcasted in Korea, we watched it without knowing that it was Japanese 474 00:31:07.459 --> 00:31:10.099 It was that popular 475 00:31:10.099 --> 00:31:15.180 Afterwards this influences Korean animation greatly 476 00:31:15.180 --> 00:31:22.459 〈Great Mazinger〉 was also exported to France 477 00:31:22.459 --> 00:31:27.699 and it had amazing viewer ratings in France 478 00:31:27.699 --> 00:31:35.339 So at that time, during 1970s, Japanese animations exported abroad 479 00:31:35.339 --> 00:31:41.219 had amazing booms in Europe 480 00:31:41.219 --> 00:31:47.780 〈Ashita no Joe〉 and 〈Tiger Mask〉 481 00:31:47.780 --> 00:31:52.060 are also made with the Japanese cartoon method 482 00:31:52.060 --> 00:31:58.339 using one sheet and not moving, the method was used a lot 483 00:31:58.339 --> 00:32:04.020 Seeing it now, 〈Tiger Mask〉 is a piece that's about wrestling 484 00:32:04.060 --> 00:32:07.420 So it is bound to have many movements 485 00:32:07.420 --> 00:32:10.607 So in scenes where there are not much movements 486 00:32:10.607 --> 00:32:15.099 they used methods that use few frames a lot 487 00:32:15.099 --> 00:32:16.967 So in a way it is concentrating the frames on certain parts 488 00:32:16.967 --> 00:32:20.380 Using many frames on movement scenes 489 00:32:20.380 --> 00:32:25.020 and using minimal frames on non-movement scenes 490 00:32:25.020 --> 00:32:30.619 This is a great example of the Japanese limited animation method in making cartoon movies 491 00:32:30.619 --> 00:32:35.859 And a characteristic of Japanese animation is that 492 00:32:35.859 --> 00:32:40.660 without doing well as a cartoon, it can't be produced as a movie 493 00:32:40.660 --> 00:32:47.020 Japanese animation is based on the cartoon readers 494 00:32:47.020 --> 00:32:50.020 So 〈Neon Genesis Evangelion〉 or 495 00:32:50.020 --> 00:32:57.540 〈Detective Conan〉 that you know and that is being produced into cartoon movies even now 496 00:32:57.540 --> 00:33:01.300 〈Detective Conan〉 being produced as animations 497 00:33:01.300 --> 00:33:05.619 It is an animation that is being produced for more than 10 years 498 00:33:05.619 --> 00:33:09.939 They are all based on the cartoons 499 00:33:09.939 --> 00:33:15.339 so they have very strong original works 500 00:33:15.339 --> 00:33:21.660 And 〈Dragon Ball〉 was also very famous 501 00:33:21.660 --> 00:33:25.979 Japanese animation though has much more violent animations 502 00:33:25.979 --> 00:33:28.300 compared to animations of the US 503 00:33:28.300 --> 00:33:31.260 So early Japanese animations 504 00:33:31.260 --> 00:33:38.180 The US had standards for animations they made to protect kids 505 00:33:38.180 --> 00:33:43.579 There were many Japanese animations that couldn't make it through that so they had a lot of difficulties 506 00:33:43.579 --> 00:33:46.579 But now with OTT platforms 507 00:33:46.579 --> 00:33:51.780 these Japanese animations, if you see Netflix 508 00:33:51.780 --> 00:33:54.699 they are very well supplied 509 00:33:54.699 --> 00:33:58.979 Netflix says that they focus on drama series' in Korea 510 00:33:58.979 --> 00:34:05.900 They focus on animation production in Japan and are producing a lot 511 00:34:05.900 --> 00:34:08.939 〈InuYasha〉 as well 512 00:34:08.939 --> 00:34:12.179 And someone you all know 513 00:34:12.179 --> 00:34:15.060 We cannot leave Hayao Miyazaki out 514 00:34:15.060 --> 00:34:17.500 Director Hayao Miyazaki 515 00:34:17.500 --> 00:34:20.540 If we were talking about TV animations until now 516 00:34:20.540 --> 00:34:25.419 director Hayao Miyazaki made many creative animations 517 00:34:25.419 --> 00:34:33.139 screening them on theaters and formed a global fandom 518 00:34:33.139 --> 00:34:36.500 We got to know about Japanese animations just now 519 00:34:36.500 --> 00:34:41.899 Actually, what I talked about are a tiny part of Japanese animations 520 00:34:41.899 --> 00:34:50.100 Due to time limitations, I just told you how Japanese animations progressed 521 00:34:50.100 --> 00:34:54.300 and how they developed 522 00:34:54.300 --> 00:34:55.300 Thank you 523 00:34:55.642 --> 00:34:56.840 1. The beginning of animations □ Murals of the cave of Altamira: Considered the first attempt to draw movement □ Korean petroglyphs: Detailed expressions of people hunting and fishing giant fish 524 00:34:56.840 --> 00:34:57.771 □ Egyptian murals: Used to deliver information instead of letters □ Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling: The role of a storyboard of an animation 525 00:34:57.771 --> 00:34:58.721 □ Phenakistoscope: Early animation device using a spinning disk □ Zoetrope: Animation toy using the optical illusion effect 526 00:34:58.721 --> 00:34:59.672 □ Muybridge's experiment - Setting up 24 cameras, filmed burst photos of a horse running by letting a string attached to a camera snap every time the horse runs 527 00:34:59.672 --> 00:35:00.593 □ The first animation - French director Émile Cohl's 〈Fantasmagorie〉 528 00:35:00.593 --> 00:35:03.167 2. The development of North American animations □ Felix the Cat: first ever animation character with characterness □ Appearance of Disney □ Appearance of Bugs Bunny □ Making movies with animation □ Development of limited animation 529 00:35:03.167 --> 00:35:05.573 □ Development of animation methods □ Pixar's 3D animation 530 00:35:05.573 --> 00:35:07.365 3. The development of Japanese animation □ Started to import foreign animations in early 1910s □ TV supplied after 1950s 531 00:35:07.365 --> 00:35:09.098 □ 1945, Shin-Ei Animation found by the military occupation command centered around the US □ 1948 Sanae Yamamoto and Kenzō Masaoka from Shin-Ei Animations found Toei Animation 532 00:35:09.098 --> 00:35:10.484 □ 1956 Teoi makes many long movies for theaters adopting the American system □ Japanese limited animation method that enhanced the cost-reducing effect □ Cartoon readers are the basis for Japanese animations