Hello everyone this is Ji-eun Lee of Blue Wave Entertainment
that will teach you in this lecture
In this lecture we will talk about outlines of animations and history of it
First, the start of animations
We're going to learn about how animation got started
Secondly, how did animations develop in North America?
We will get to know the process of development and what works there were
And third is about the development of Japanese animations
This as well, we will take a look at what methods are developed
and what works there were
We'll take a look into the etymology of 'animation'
Animation is a word that comes from the Latin word
Anima meaning, breath of life
That's the etymology
and that is what we are using as the word 'animation'
And in Korea it is called 'cartoon film'
These days, we also just call it animation
but before, 'cartoon film' was used
In Japan, Anime
So we call Japanese animations Anime
It is sometimes said as 'ah-nime' or 'ae-nime'
We call it that way
Then when did animation start?
We should get to know that
This is related to the instinct of human
Humans have an instinct to leave drawings of moving things
So since the Old Stone Age, humans tried to
leave drawings of moving things
So now, nowadays, we came to create pieces that cross the border of
fantasy and reality
Long, long ago, during the Old Stone Age, there was a drawing on the walls of the cave of Altamira
It was a mural found from the cave of Altamira in Spain
They drew wild boars but they had four of each legs
So researchers studies what they were
That was an attempt to draw the wild boars' movements
That is, an attempt, the first attempt to try animating
In addition to that, animation has to have story
In Korea, Petroglyphs of Bangudae Terrace was discovered
Petroglyphs is carving on stones
What is engraved on it is
a picture of people hunting huge whales, deer, wild boar, etc.
So we are able to see what the people of that time
hunted and ate
This is a type of storytelling
Storytelling is one of the elements of animations
This is found also in the Petroglyphs of Bangudae Terrace in Korea
Going back in time
we are also able to see similar things in the Egyptian murals
Egypt is known for its murals very well
In the Egyptian murals you can see people fighting in sequence
So we can see through these drawings that they fought like this
And it has the role of delivering information instead of letters
'This is how it's done' was delivered visually through these
Even if we express it well through writing the finest details cannot be delivered
Let's jump ahead of time a little bit
When you see Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling
there is a very famous mural called 'The Creation of Adam'
and then there is 'The Creation of Eve'
then 'The Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden'
Like this, Michelangelo had drawn sequences of the stories of the Bible
in the walls of the Sistine Chapel
So since not all of the people of that time knew how to read
this acted as a animation storyboard
making it possible for people to believe in God
without reading the Bible but seeing the murals
You might think that these are too far away from now
so I'll tell you about animations that are closer to you
You will remember doodling on the corner of your notebook
and flipping it over to make the doodles look like they are moving
Not all of you might have done this, but this is very common
This is called a flip book
and this is the method of animations, afterimage, or optical illusion
Our eyes remember parts of what we saw
If you think that this explanation is not enough
You phones have burst photo function
By using the burst photo function and if watch it quickly
it also has an effect like a video
We call this afterimage effect
It is because the videos we think about are
images played quickly like that
Now we talked about flip books
There is a very basic device called thaumatrope
It is an animation device, and it would be a bird cage drawn on one side of a paper
this is just an example
bird cage and a bird drawn on the other side
then you flip it
You flip it and then
it will look like there's a bird
inside the bird cage
There is also phenakistoscope
This is a round disk
that has about 10 to 12 drawings on it
But all these drawings are parts of movements
They are all a little bit different
So there is a hole in the middle of all those drawings
You see it through the hole
You see it through a mirror and the drawings will be moving
Very fun animation
was being enjoyed by the people of that time
And there is this thing called zoetrope
Zoetrope is made a little more mechanically
It was invented by a mathematician called William Horner in 1834
and we call this a zoetrope
This, also with the same method
people in the past were able to see scenes of
horses running or dog running
And with photos we can see this afterimage effect
Muybridge's experiment shows us this
Muybridge put 24 cameras
and connected a string to the camera so that every time the horse runs
a photo would be taken
What we were able to know with this was
whether a running horse's all four feet are in the air when it runs
They had this kind of bet
And it turned out that they do
So he won a huge bet
But the cost of setting the cameras up was larger is the story
Anyways these are nowadays
easily able to be seen with videos
but since videos also move very quickly
to see the exact moments showing each movement
we need to pause the video to see
This is about that
So if there are photos that show continuous movement
we cannot know exactly what that movement is
so Muybridge had this experiment
As you see there is a drawing of a running horse
You can see all four feet are floating
And we will talk about the first-ever animation
The first animation was made in France and not the US
The first animation ever made is 'Fantasmagorie' made by
a French director, Émile Cohl
It is in black and white
Uniquely the background is black and the drawings are white
This is the first-ever animation
but since continuous drawings keep moving without stopping
it is a little bit different from the animations
that we know nowadays
I think you'll be able to get what it's like if you see this
Then the first animation ever made
We call this one the first key animation
Key animation is among other animations
the movements needed
animations made by selecting the movements that are necessary one by one
and filling in the gaps with the drawings left
It can be said as the start of the modern animations
The first key animation is
〈Gertie the Dinosaur〉 by Winsor McCay
Gertie the Dinosaur is a dinosaur that understands people's words
So it is actually an animation mixed with live action movie
If a person tells Gertie to do this and that
in the subtitles, Gertie moves like that
So it is a fun piece with such animation
The important movements, the movement with it's body to this side
and the movement with it's body to the other side, these two are called as 'key'
But all the other drawings needed between those two movements
are drawn one by one
That is key animation
From this 〈Gertie the Dinosaur〉 by Winsor McCay
key animation has started
Now we will get to know about animations in North America
Since there are so many North America's animations
I will talk mainly about the early animations
like Disney and such
We will get to know about the beginning of North American animations
The beginning of modern animations and the beginning of North American animations are almost right next to each other
A work called 〈Felix the Cat〉
This was released in 1919
The name of the black cat in this is Felix
This black cat Felix is the first animation character
with characterness
The character you see now is
I think you would have heard about the cat Felix a lot
That cat is still here and there
But the drawing that I prepared
the character in that drawing, Felix
is quite different from Felix of now
It is the first-ever work
Then finally Disney appears
This Disney is the Disney that we know
A cartoonist called Walt Disney entered into the animation industry
Walt Disney first had this character named Oswald
But this was taken away due to a copyright conflict
But that Oswald made a huge hit
So Disney created another character
and that is Mickey Mouse that we now know
From Felix, Oswald the lucky rabbit
to Disney's Mickey Mouse
You'll see something common in all of them
The character is in black
With the technology of that time, it was the time of black-and-white silent film
so characters appeared like that
〈Steamboat Willie〉, the first Mickey Mouse animation
is also the first animation that is synced with sound
At that time, almost every animations
developed from cartoon straps, newspaper cartoon straps
So in terms of the designs
there are things in common
And another thing
Bugs Bunny also started at around this time
Bugs Bunny also appeared almost simultaneously
with the Mickey Mouse
The Bugs Bunny you see in the drawing
isn't the Bugs Bunny we know
It is just a normal rabbit but it's walking on two feet
But you can see this rabbit
walking on two feet evolving into
a very cool bunny here
And through the era of colored movies
they also got colors like that
They're getting prettier
And it developed into Looney Tunes that we know
Then where would these animations have been viewed?
The people of that time, where did they watch these videos?
At home? No, it was at the theaters
At that time TV did not exist at all
So you might wonder 'it's just an animation, why watch it in theaters?' but
all moving videos like those were played in the theaters
And those cartoon movies, animations
were played before screening normal movies
These days we watch advertisements
Right until people all get to their seats, maybe?
Anyways they were screened for about 5 minutes in the beginning
So Disney thought
'Then, wouldn't it be possible to make movies with animations?'
He thought of this
So he made a piece called 〈The Goddess of Spring〉
The work you see here is very meaningful because
it is the first animation in color
Before, there were no animations in color
So this work, 〈The Goddess of Spring〉 was
Disney's first animation in color
And another thing is it is not a simple character like Mickey Mouse
Animating a person
is a job that requires a lot of techniques
So Disney gained a lot of know-how working on this piece, in 1934
After this, with this know-hows in 1937
there was a film screened in theathers
and it was the legendary 〈Snow White〉
World's first long colored animation
And as a video, the first colored work
From both animations and live actions
this is the first colored film
When filming Snow White
they actually did film it
They filmed all scenes with actors dancing
Dancing scenes are very complex
So they filmed all those scenes
and with those videos as reference, made the scenes where
Snow White is dancing with the seven dwarfs
And another unique thing in 〈Snow White〉 is
in fact Snow White herself isn't portrayed
as a greatly attractive person in the film
But the seven dwarfs were portrayed as very charming characters
Each one's personality were created as characters
that show their personalities very well
And another thing is that villains that have never been
seen in animation appear in cartoon movies
Snow White's mother, her adoptive mother appears
and becomes a legendary villain
After that there were many animations
Now it has become a time where
we have to talk about TVs instead of theaters
Animations that were only played in theaters
but with the rapid supply of TVs in the 1950s
were now able to watch at home
So animations were played
And as these cartoon movies were played in TVs
'Oh, kids watch these'
became a huge subject of consideration
Before, adults watched them on theaters
You wouldn't believe it but adults were watching Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny
and laughed out loud in the theaters
But as these were played in TVs
the stories that were fun to adults
when watching in the theaters
now had to be refined for children
And another thing is as there were various television stations
they had to make more shows
and therefore people tried to make
pieces that were less costly to make
And with that limited animation developed
Methods of animations started with the supply of TVs
Before, full animation was used
meaning that 24 frames per seconds were made to make videos
but now limited animation is used
by using 12 frames per second
to make movements and screen them
And in this limited animation
some parts don't move
and some do
We say that we separate the levels
By dividing the layers, parts that stay still are put under the layers
and move only the things that create movement
this is how it's done
You need to check well where it should be divided
So these are the methods of making 2D animations
and they are used until now with digitalization
I'll jump a little bit
I'll talk about 3D animations that we are familiar with these days
When talking about 3D animations
I don't think I can not mention the company Pixar
The first long animation made by Pixar is 〈Toy Story〉
How did 〈Toy Story〉 have been created?
It is a very clever idea
It's like toys are moving alive
But back then, when Pixar was found in 1995
now everything can be generated with computers
but back then only the texture of hard plastic
was possible to generate with computers
So it is a very clever piece
but also it is the movie made with the best methods
of that time
You can think of it this way
Other than that, there are countless pieces Pixar made
And as Pixar and Disney merged
it can be said that they opened the age of
3D Disney movies
And the 3D animation that was able to make toys
now can make everything
Disney made a 3D animation called 〈Dinosaur〉
In this, it was made in such detail that
even the sweat drops, the sweat of the dinosaurs were generated as well
And your favorite characters in 〈King Kong〉
or 〈The Lord of the Rings〉
like Gollum, or crazy war fight scenes
these are actually all animations
And various magic scenes and creatures in
〈Harry Potter〉
were also all made through animations
So now actual image and animation is mixed
crossing the boundaries
You could say that
And there is a piece that is at the peak of all this
and that is your favorite
〈Avatar〉
But even before 〈Avatar〉, as I told you
many movies made details
and like I told you before, sweating
and things like these were generated
But what made 〈Avatar〉 the peak was
it could show emotion through the eyes
It showed acting with eyes that are alive
So 〈Avatar〉 would be the peak of
3D animations
It is considered that way
And in Korea as well there are a lot coming out
For a Korean movie, there is 〈The Host〉
Now there are more amazing movies than 〈The Host〉
but the movie 〈The Host〉, when 〈The Host〉 by Bong Joon-ho was out
there were great compliments about the 'creature'
But actually the creature in 〈The Host〉
was not able to be created in Korea at that time
But now, there are such good works
made within Korea as well
Among actual image movies, not only 〈Avatar〉
but there are some pieces with robots as the main characters
There is 〈Transformer〉
Transformer is originally a 2D piece
The ownership went back and forth a lot
It went to Japan and then to the US back and forth
And where it made a huge success was in the US
In the US they made a live action Transformer
and screened it in theaters
I actually think that more than half of this piece is
animation
There were movies that did very well commercially
and now the border between actual image and animation has torn down a lot
I think in that way
A lot of animation directors did in fact enter the live-action film field
Just as the first color video, long movie was an animation
in a way, it is just that the production method is different
in videography, it could be said that they are going through the same path
Now let's take a look at the development of Japanese animations
Japanese animations were greatly influenced by animations of the west
So Japan screened an animation that they imported from abroad in 1910
since they did not have TVs back then
It is left as a record that they screened it
They screened 〈Fantasmagorie〉 by Stuart Blackton of 1906
was screened as 〈Humorous Phases of funny Faces〉
Then in 1917, influenced by foreign animations
many Japanese animators created and presented their works
And then in 1930, a Disney Mickey Mouse animation
Silly Symphony was imported and screened
This was screened in the US just a year before it was screened in Japan
Japan's animation import was fairly quick
Back then, there were no internet or whatsoever
but the culture spread very quickly
and was screed in Japan
Japan as well, TVs started to be supplied after 1950s which is after the World War 2
With that animations entered homes
1945 fall, with the end of the Pacific War
2 months later, military occupation command centered around the US was made in Japan
Then, Shin-Ei Animation was founded
and from then Japanese animation with the influence of American animations
started to be produced again
In 1948, animators from Shin-Ei Animations like
Sanae Yamamoto and Kenzō Masaoka
founded Toei Animation
1956 Toei, you heard of it a lot right?
They start as a company called Toei
and this Toei adopts American system and makes many long movies for theaters
These also influenced Japanese TV animations a lot
Later, using the limited animation, it is Japanese limited animation
Osamu Tezuka who made the Japanese limited animation
also learned animation in Toei
Osamu Tezuka, as you might have heard
is Astro Boy's dad, Astro Boy's father
So the first TV animation is 〈Mighty Atom〉
Not the 〈Astro Boy〉 from catoons that we know
This 〈Mighty Atom〉 has a diverse history of the character
So it is greatly loved until now
Even now, it is made into a 3D version and is screened
And in other countries in shops, the Japanese section
not even Japan section but a separate section for Osamu Tezuka's works
are made, so it is very popular even until now
I would like to talk about the
Japanese limited animation method which can be said, made by Osamu Tezuka
With this Japanese limited animation method
Japanese animation achieves great effect
This Japanese limited animation method, there also is American limited animation method
but the Japanese limited animation method brings an effect
that can reduce the cost extraordinarily
Osamu Tezuka is called as the father of Japanese animation
but also blamed on a lot for one thing
He reduces the cost of Japanese animation production very greatly
Seeing it now it's almost feels cheap
It reaches that point
But I think there was no choice to make a lot of animation movies
So how it's done is they predetermine the amount of frames
The number of frames for each episode, frame means each sheet of drawings
They predetermine the frames to be about 2,000
and produce it while reducing the frame counts even more
Then they start to use what they drew before again and again
Like this, they start to use this thing called 'bank shot'
In Japanese animations, especially in robot animations
getting into action or other scenes are made using the same frames
for every episode, and this is called bank shot
And in American animations, 2 comma
that is, two sheets need to be seen as a single sheet
If you film it in 2 comma in the US
Japanese animations do 3 comma, that is, 3 sheets
They make three sheets into one when filming
Another thing is in close-up takes, it does not move at all
It does not move at all
and instead they use cartoon-ish drawings
Using very detailed drawings
without moving and using only expansion, it is done with just one frame
So in the US rolling eyes or blinking
these scenes exist
but here, one frame is all that there is
This in fact becomes a unique production method of Japan later on
Creating the feeling of etching method of printing methods
so with one frame and just the camera movement
without animating the drawing
a scene can be created, that is the method that Japan made
How could we cut the cost?
That was the only thing in their minds
How can we cut the costs and make this scene cheaper to produce
Those things
And obviously if you're moving your arm like this
they separate here to here and move only this part, these type of scenes are common
Like this, making it very cheap is the Japanese limited animation method
There are some animations among Japanese animations
that had great effects on Korean animations
They are 〈Mazinger Z〉 and 〈Great Mazinger〉 and such
They were broadcasted in Korea as well
When they were broadcasted in Korea, we watched it without knowing that it was Japanese
It was that popular
Afterwards this influences Korean animation greatly
〈Great Mazinger〉 was also exported to France
and it had amazing viewer ratings in France
So at that time, during 1970s, Japanese animations exported abroad
had amazing booms in Europe
〈Ashita no Joe〉 and 〈Tiger Mask〉
are also made with the Japanese cartoon method
using one sheet and not moving, the method was used a lot
Seeing it now, 〈Tiger Mask〉 is a piece that's about wrestling
So it is bound to have many movements
So in scenes where there are not much movements
they used methods that use few frames a lot
So in a way it is concentrating the frames on certain parts
Using many frames on movement scenes
and using minimal frames on non-movement scenes
This is a great example of the Japanese limited animation method in making cartoon movies
And a characteristic of Japanese animation is that
without doing well as a cartoon, it can't be produced as a movie
Japanese animation is based on the cartoon readers
So 〈Neon Genesis Evangelion〉 or
〈Detective Conan〉 that you know and that is being produced into cartoon movies even now
〈Detective Conan〉 being produced as animations
It is an animation that is being produced for more than 10 years
They are all based on the cartoons
so they have very strong original works
And 〈Dragon Ball〉 was also very famous
Japanese animation though has much more violent animations
compared to animations of the US
So early Japanese animations
The US had standards for animations they made to protect kids
There were many Japanese animations that couldn't make it through that so they had a lot of difficulties
But now with OTT platforms
these Japanese animations, if you see Netflix
they are very well supplied
Netflix says that they focus on drama series' in Korea
They focus on animation production in Japan and are producing a lot
〈InuYasha〉 as well
And someone you all know
We cannot leave Hayao Miyazaki out
Director Hayao Miyazaki
If we were talking about TV animations until now
director Hayao Miyazaki made many creative animations
screening them on theaters and formed a global fandom
We got to know about Japanese animations just now
Actually, what I talked about are a tiny part of Japanese animations
Due to time limitations, I just told you how Japanese animations progressed
and how they developed
Thank you
1. The beginning of animations □ Murals of the cave of Altamira: Considered the first attempt to draw movement □ Korean petroglyphs: Detailed expressions of people hunting and fishing giant fish
□ Egyptian murals: Used to deliver information instead of letters □ Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel Ceiling: The role of a storyboard of an animation
□ Phenakistoscope: Early animation device using a spinning disk □ Zoetrope: Animation toy using the optical illusion effect
□ Muybridge's experiment - Setting up 24 cameras, filmed burst photos of a horse running by letting a string attached to a camera snap every time the horse runs
□ The first animation - French director Émile Cohl's 〈Fantasmagorie〉
2. The development of North American animations □ Felix the Cat: first ever animation character with characterness □ Appearance of Disney □ Appearance of Bugs Bunny □ Making movies with animation □ Development of limited animation
□ Development of animation methods □ Pixar's 3D animation
3. The development of Japanese animation □ Started to import foreign animations in early 1910s □ TV supplied after 1950s
□ 1945, Shin-Ei Animation found by the military occupation command centered around the US □ 1948 Sanae Yamamoto and Kenzō Masaoka from Shin-Ei Animations found Toei Animation
□ 1956 Teoi makes many long movies for theaters adopting the American system □ Japanese limited animation method that enhanced the cost-reducing effect □ Cartoon readers are the basis for Japanese animations