With the spread of Coronavirus Disease-19 in 2020
the need for risk management due to environmental changes has been emphasized
Despite the advancement of medical technology and the strengthening of the quarantine system, the spread of infectious diseases continued as
movement between countries increased, urbanization and population density increased
and social and economic damage was huge
due to treatment of the disease and quarantining, human losses due to death
and shrinking economic activities due to anxiety among economic actors
As such, it is most important to prevent infectious diseases in that the risk of infectious diseases is
large in size and impact when an accident occurs, and it is difficult to calculate the amount of damage
Infectious diseases refer to Class 1 infectious diseases, Class 2 infectious diseases
Class 3 infectious diseases, Class 4 infectious diseases, parasitic infectious diseases, infectious diseases subject to monitoring by the World Health Organization, bioterrorism infectious diseases
sexually transmitted infections, zoonotic infectious diseases, and medical-related infectious diseases pursuant to
Article 2 No. 1 of the Infectious Disease Prevention and Management Act
These infectious diseases may be classified into 10 types
as follows in accordance with No.2 through 12 of Article 2 of the Act on the Prevention and Management of Infectious Diseases
and Article 1 of the Notice of Types of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Minister of Health and Welfare
First, Class 1 infectious diseases must be reported immediately after occurrence or epidemic
due to high bioterrorism infectious diseases or high mortality rates or high risk of mass outbreaks
and it is a infectious disease that requires a high level of quarantine such as negative pressure quarantine
and include infectious diseases designated by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in consultation with the Minister of Health and Welfare
because the prediction of the sudden influx or epidemic in Korea of such diseases need urgent prevention and management
These Class 1 infectious diseases include Ebola virus, Marburg fever, Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
South American hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, Smallpox, plague, and anthrax
Class 2 infectious diseases are infectious diseases that must be reported within 24 hours
of occurrence or epidemic considering the possibility of transmission
and require quarantine, and it includes infectious diseases designated by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in consultation
with the Minister of Health and Welfare because of the prediction of the sudden influx or epidemic in Korea of such diseases
need urgent prevention and management
These Class 2 infectious diseases include tuberculosis, chickenpox, measles, cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid,
shigellosis, enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection, hepatitis A, whooping cough, mumps,
rubella, polio, and meningococcal infections
Class 3 infectious diseases are infectious diseases that require continuous monitoring of outbreaks
and must be reported within 24 hours when outbreaks or epidemics occur
and include infectious diseases designated by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in consultation with the Minister of Health and Welfare
because the prediction of the sudden influx or epidemic in Korea of such diseases need urgent prevention and management
Class 3 infectious diseases include tetanus, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis, hepatitis C, malaria,
Legionellosis, Vibrio vulnificus, and typhus
In addition to infectious diseases ranging from Class 1 to 3 infectious diseases, Class 4 infectious diseases are
infectious diseases that require sample monitoring activities to investigate whether they are prevalent
including influenza, syphilis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, enterobiasis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis, metagonimiasis,
hand-foot-and-mouth disease, gonorrhea, chancroid, genital herpes simplex, and condyloma acuminata
Parasitic infectious diseases are infectious diseases caused by infection with parasites
including ascariasis, trichuriasis, enterobiasis, clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis,
metagonimiasis and parasitic infections from abroad
Infectious diseases subject to monitoring by the World Health Organization are diseases that are subject to monitoring
by the World Health Organization to prepare for an emergency in international public health
They are announced by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, including smallpox, polio, novel influenza,
severe acute respiratory syndrome, cholerae, pneumonic plague, yellow fever, viral hemorrhagic fever,
West Nile Fever
Bioterrorism infectious disease is an infectious disease announced by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
among infectious diseases caused by pathogens used for intentional or terrorist purposes
There are anthrax, botulism, plague, Marburg fever, Ebola fever, Lassa fever,
smallpox, and tularemia
Sexually transmitted infectious diseases are infectious diseases announced by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
among infectious diseases transmitted through sexual contact, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia,
chancroid, genital herpes simplex, and condyloma acuminata
The zoonotic disease is an infectious disease announced by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency
among infectious diseases caused by pathogens spread between animals and humans
There are enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection, Japanese encephalitis, brucellosis, anthrax, hydrophobia,
avian influenza human infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,
W fever, tuberculosis, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
Lastly, medical-related infectious diseases are infectious diseases
that occur in the process of patients or pregnant women receiving medical treatment,
and are announced by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency because surveillance activities are required
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection,
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection
Next, let's look at the types and causes of seasonal infectious diseases
Here, seasonal infectious diseases refer to infectious diseases that spread seasonally,
and variables that determine the seasonality or degree of infectious diseases include
the seasonality of pathogens and the seasonality of hosts
For example, for flu, virus stability is sensitive to temperature and humidity
Infectious diseases that occur mainly in spring include measles, mumps,
chickenpox, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, eye disease, and respiratory disease,
and food poisoning, cholera, shigellosis, typhoid, Legionella, and Japanese encephalitis in summer
There are epidemic hemorrhagic fever, tsutsugamushi disease, and leptospirosis in autumn
and influenza in winter
First, let's take a detailed look at the infectious diseases of spring
Measles is an epidemic disease caused by the measles virus and is a very contagious acute infectious disease
Symptoms include fever, runny nose, conjunctivitis, erythematous spots, confluent rash such as papules,
or rash diseases such as enanthem
Mumps is an acute infectious disease in which salivary glands,
especially salivary glands under the chin, are inflamed by mumps virus
Asymptomatic infections account for 20%,
and if there are symptoms, the salivary glands under the ear swell and pain is accompanied for about a week,
and spread from saliva droplets from infected people's coughs and sneezes
Chickenpox is a disease that accompanies fever and systemic rash blisters,
and is very contagious and causes a rapid epidemic in many places where group life is common,
and occurs mainly in children
It is transmitted when a virus exposed in the air is inhaled through the respiratory tract,
and if there is a patient in the family, the secondary transmission rate is very high reaching up to 90%
Also, anyone who has never had chickenpox in the past or has not been vaccinated
can get it
Next, let's take a look at infectious diseases of summer
Food poisoning is a disease that causes hives, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
nervous system symptoms or symptoms across the whole body after ingesting contaminated food,
and care should be taken in food management due to the high possibility of group occurrence
Mainly, virus, bacteria, parasites, poisonous mushrooms, foods with exotoxins,
and toxins such as fruits and vegetables stained with pesticides are transmitters of the diseases
Causes of food poisoning include insufficient cooking temperature and time,
storage of food at inappropriate temperatures for a long time
management and use of contaminated utensils, containers, and dirty cooking utensils
personal unsanitary habits, neglect of hand washing, and carelessness in handling food
Cholera is an infectious disease with severe diarrhea and is highly contagious
so it is likely to spread significantly if it is not detected early
and for elderly people, they might result in death
Raw or undercooked seafood could be the source of infection of Vibrio cholerae
and it occurs when food is cooked or consumed by contaminated hands
It is mainly transmitted through feces, food contaminated with vomit, and water
Typhoid is an infectious disease called typhoid fever, and it is tending to occur regardless of the season
It occurs highest in summer, and in the case of carriers, it is difficult to detect infectious agents
because they continue to excrete bacteria without any symptoms themselves
It is mainly caused by salmonella and is spread by food or water contaminated by feces of patients or carriers
so it can be prevented by blocking the path of transmission between humans
Legionellosis is an infectious disease caused by Legionella and
causes symptoms of Legionella pneumonia or Pontiac fever
and occurs in large buildings such as hospitals, hotels, buildings, and factories
It develops at high temperatures in summer, and can be cured if treated early
but it has a fatality rate of 15-20% if not treated
Mainly, infections occur by being inhaled into the human body through the respiratory tract
and artificial water facilities such as cooling tower water, cold and hot water in buildings
and public bathhouse water are the main sources of Legionellosis' infection
Shigellosis is a relatively highly infectious disease
an infectious disease that causes large and small epidemics in various regions in Korea
and occurs frequently in summer
In addition, it is a disease caused by Shigella and is a type 1 legal infectious disease
makes several in vitro toxins, and is resistant to antibacterial drugs
In addition, contact infections are also common because they can be infected even in very small amounts
and the secondary incidence within the family is as high as 10-40%
Substances contaminated by humans are mainly transmitted from the hand to the mouth through direct interpersonal infection
through feces and oral routes or through food, hands, feces, and flies
This time, let's take a look at infectious diseases of autumn
Epidemic hemorrhagic fever is a disease called hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
which occurs in dry seasons with relatively low rainfall
and is common in outdoor residents such as soldiers, people who enjoy camping, hiking, and fishing
The causative agent is the Hantaan virus, and the human body is infected through the respiratory tract
as excrement in the urine and saliva of wild mice dries
If you have an epidemic hemorrhagic fever, symptoms such as fever, headache, and cough appear
but you need to be careful because you can get it confused with the flu
Leptospirosis is a disease that is transmitted through contact with contaminated water, food, and soil, and through consumption of water and food
and if treatment of the right time is missed, it can lead to death
Human-to-human transmission is not clear
and bacteria are transmitted mainly through microscopic wounds or mucous membranes on the skin
of people working in contaminated areas
In addition, bacteria are released from the urine of animals infected with Leptospira bacteria
contaminating water and soil, and often occurs collectively when standing up fallen rice
due to flooding in rural areas
Tsutsugamushi disease is an acute autumn epidemic
caused by the larvae of the woolly aphids biting people
and is also called the woolly aphids disease because the larvae of the woolly aphids transmit rickettsia disease when biting people
Aphids parasitic on wild mice are carriers of Tsutsugamushi bacteria
and large scars are what characterize these aphid bites
Lastly, shigellosis, a winter infectious disease, is a intestinal infection caused by Shigella bacteria
and is very contagious disease that accompanies bloody diarrhea
If you get shigellosis, you may experience sudden high fever and general weakness
and in the case of the elderly, complications such as pneumonia and myocarditis may occur in a short period of time
so care should be taken